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　　1. 试题：

　　Text 2

　　Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

　　In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

　　But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

　　That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

　　Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

　　Ferraroanalyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase— in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

　　That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

　　Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

　　2. 答案详解

　　26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

　　A. facilitate health care reform.

　　B. help poor families get better off.

　　C.improve local education systems.

　　D. lower deforestation rates.

　　【答案】B。根据题干的关键词CCT定位到第二段第二句话，are designed to表示“旨在做”与aims to为同意替换，后面的内容为减少不公平和解决贫困(reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty);段尾句提到了该项目为穷人提供食物和医疗资源，综上所述，CCT的作用是帮助贫困家庭过得更好，故而选B。

　　【干扰项】第二段段尾句同时提到了食物和医疗两方面，段首句提到了教育和医疗，故而CCT的作用三者都包含，而A选项和C选项只是其中一方面，属于以偏概全，故而排除;第一段提到了滥发森林比例的下降原因之一是这个项目，但不代表这个项目的目的是这么做，属于过度推断，故而排除D选项。

　　27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that

　　A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.

　　B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.

　　C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.

　　D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.

　　【答案】D。根据题干Mexico定位至文章第四段第三句，提到了墨西哥的例子，支持了传统观点。再根据上文段首句判断，传统观点是经济增长与环境恶化有一定关系，D选项的tends to cause是对段首句be correlated with的替换，故而选D。

　　【干扰项】第四段段尾句提到了for cattle to raise，这里提到了人们挣钱后，能放牧的土地变得空荡荡，但并未提到cattle rearing是当地穷人的生活方式，属于无中生有，故而排除A选项;第四段第三句提到了墨西哥的例子支持传统观点(traditional view)但并未提到该项目对传统生活方式的影响，属于无中生有，故而排除B选项;第四句提到了人们挣钱后放牧的地减少，但并未提到local farmers的参与，属于无中生有，故而排除C选项。

　　28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out

　　A. its acceptance level of CCTs.

　　B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.

　　C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.

　　D. the role of its forests in climate change.

　　【答案】C。根据题干Indonesia和Ferraro定位至文章第五段Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. program指代的是CCT，deforestation对应forestloss，relation对应动词was affecting，故而C选项为该句的同意替换。第六段则通过具体数据例证了这个观点。

　　【干扰项】文章并未提到对CCTs的接受水平(acceptance level)，故而A选项为无中生有;也未提到每年缓解贫穷的比率，B选项也是无中生有;第七段提到了气候，但并未提到森林在其中的作用，故而排除D选项。

　　29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

　　A. it will benefit other Asian countries.

　　B. it will reduce regional inequality.

　　C. it can protect the environment.

　　D. it can boost grain production.

　　【答案】C。根据题干中的内容定位到文章最后两段，文章收尾句提到了what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation，value与题干的valuable对应，即避免滥伐森林，所以CCT最有价值的地方是保护环境。

　　【干扰项】文章尾段提到了是否能将这种模式推广到其他国家，但这并不是CCT的主要价值，故而排除A选项;reduce inequality出现在第二段第二句，是CCT的目的，但并没有提到区域(regional)不公平，并且也不是CCT最大的价值，故而排除B选项;倒数第二段提到了在气候变化的情况下，CCT能让谷物产量增加，但这是CCT的作用之一，并不是主要的作用，故而排除D选项。

　　30. What is the text centered on?

　　A. The effects of a program.

　　B. The debates over a program.

　　C. The process of a study.

　　D. The transferability of a study.

　　【答案】A。文章先后讨论了CCT项目对脱贫、环境的影响，后面又提到了这个项目对当地人收入和庄稼产出的影响，故而选A。

　　【干扰项】文章并未提到对该项目的争论，也未提到研究过程，故而排除B和C选项;transferability出现在尾段，不代表全文的中心思想，属于文章局部，故而排除D选项。

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