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　　Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions aftereach text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

　　Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

　　However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

　　The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, interruptedby regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

　　答案：

　　21. D. remains an unreasonable measure.

　　22. B. rail travelers

　　23. C. have failed to provide an adequate service.

　　24. B.the collapse of operations

　　25. D. Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable

　　21. The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

　　A. will ease train operation’s burden.

　　B. has kept pace with inflation.

　　C. is a big surprise to commuters.

　　D. remains anunreasonable measure.

　　解析：根据题干中出现的The author holds可知，在询问作者的观点，作者认为rail passengers fares今年费用的增长怎样，因此可以从第一段第二句开始寻找答案。第二句指出imposing a significant extra burden负担在增加，所以A选项表述正好跟原文相反。第一段最后一句指出，This year’s rise, ... may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the (CPI) measure of inflation.今年的增长虽然比去年要低，但仍然高于CPI测量的通货膨胀值。所以B. has kept pace with inflation.与通货膨胀保持同步，正好与原文表达含义相反。C选项没有提到，为无中生有的选项，所以D选项为正确答案，定位最后一句。

　　22. The stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for

　　A. car drivers

　　B. rail travelers

　　C. local investors

　　D. ordinary taxpayers

　　解析：根据题干中出现的stockbroker可以直接定位第二段第二句，Why, ... should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? 为什么开车上班的人要去补贴stockbroker的日常通勤。下一句开头直接给出equally, 所以证明第三句为第二句的同义替换。所以，到第三句中寻找跟stockbroker同样表述的词，所以选择B。A.C.D三个选项均未提到。

　　23. It is indicated in 3 that train operators

　　A. are offering compensations to commuters.

　　B. are trying to repair relations with the unions.

　　C. have failed to provide an adequate service.

　　D. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.

　　解析：根据题干中出现的关键信息train operators可直接定位到第三段第二句。but 转折之后给出passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service乘客应当能够要求服务的基本水平，所以表明乘客现在并没有获得应得的服务质量，所以直接对应C, fail to火车运营商没能提供该提供的服务。A选项对应三段最后一句，should receive compensation应该获得补偿，所以表明并没给补偿，A选项跟原文表述含义相反，所以错误。B. repair relations修补两者之间的关系，原文并没有提到，所以错误。D.选项suffered huge losses遭遇巨大损失可以直接对应最后一句for the disruption they have suffered，但原文最后一句主语为受影响最大的人，但题干主语火车运营商，所以D.偷换概念错误。

　　24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

　　A. the loss of investment.

　　B. the collapse of operations.

　　C. a reduction of revenue.

　　D. a change of ownership.

　　解析：根据题干中出现的unable to calm down passengers不能稳定乘客，直接对应原文最后一段最后一句the justified anger of passengers is not addressed，所以可确定最后一句为定位句。该句提到，国有化所受到的威胁目前平息了，但如果不解决乘客所受到的威胁，威胁会卷土重来，所以直接对应D. A选项对应第三个句子，不在定位句，C选项并没有提到，B选项虽然也位于定位句中，但与D选项相比，D选项更好，根据最佳选项原则，选择D。

　　25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　A. Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?

　　B. Constant Complaining Doesn't Work

　　C. Can Nationalization Bring Hope?

　　D. Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable

　　解析：题干中给出best title，询问这篇文章的最佳标题。做题方式，整篇文章进行穿线。文章第一段开始讲票价的上涨，第二段首句描述谁要去承担票价上涨。三段描述罢工，四段开始讲政府应当怎么做。所以可见，其实是针对票价上涨问题所采取的一系列讨论。所以直接对应D。A选项强调的点在Who，罢工行动的罪魁祸首是谁，罢工为文章第三段才提到的点，属于细节信息，不是文章所讲的核心。B.选项原文没提，无中生有，错误。C.Nationalization 出现在第四段，属于细节信息，所以错误。

　　Text 2

　　Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

　　In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

　　But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

　　That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

　　Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

　　Ferraroanalyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase— in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

　　That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

　　Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

　　答案：

　　26. B. help poor families get better off.

　　27. D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.

　　28. C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.

　　29. C. it can protect the environment.

　　30. A. The effects of a program.

　　26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

　　A. facilitate health care reform.

　　B. help poor families get better off.

　　C.improve local education systems.

　　D. lower deforestation rates.

　　解析：根据题干中出现的CCT直接可定位到第二段第二句 ...are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.减少不平等以及扶贫，因此对应选项B. 帮助贫穷家庭改善贫穷。A.C.D三个选项均为提到，所以错误。

　　27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that

　　A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.

　　B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.

　　C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.

　　D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.

　　解析：根据题干中出现的The study... is cited to show可以看出，这道题为例子题，又根据Mexico 可知例子本身为第四段第三句，所以根据例子题的做法，往例子前面找观点，首先可定位到第二句。However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. 并没有足够的证据来证明他们之间的相互关系。而例子本身提到唯一的一个先前的研究，所以证明例子本身讲的是两者之间有关联，所以定位句为第四段第一句，即经济发展与环境退化相关，所以选择D。A.B.C三个选项均未提到，所以错误。

　　28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out

　　A. its acceptance level of CCTs.

　　B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.

　　C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.

　　D. the role of its forests in climate change.

　　解析：根据题干关键词Indonesia，可以直接定位第六段，题干询问Ferraro 研究发现的结果，因此可以定位到六段第一句show的后面，表明之后即为发现的内容。但定位句中包含数字，读起来略为生涩，且该定位句为本段第一句，所以可看后面的论据中是否还出现了Ferraro 的观点，因此还可定位到该段最后一句，直接引用Ferraro 的话，项目与森林退化相关，所以选择C。A.B.D三个选项均为随意提取原文中的碎片细节，拼凑并且添加根本不存在的内容，因此错误。

　　29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

　　A. it will benefit other Asian countries.

　　B. it will reduce regional inequality.

　　C. it can protect the environment.

　　D. it can boost grain production.

　　解析：根据题干可知在询问Ferraro 观点中，CCT program in Indonesia最有价值的原因，因此可以定位到最后一段最后一句。有益于人类的事情也可能有益于避免砍伐森林。所以不去砍伐森林直接对应C.保护环境。A选项提到的对亚洲其他国家有益，可直接对应最后一句中的regardless of transferability，但原文强调的是哪怕没有普及的这个点，所以A错误，不是最重要的价值。B.原文没有提到，为无中生有的选项，因此错误。D.选项说提高作物产量，是这个项目本身所带来的结果，而不是他最大的价值，所以错误。

　　30. What is the text centered on?

　　A. The effects of a program.

　　B. The debates over a program.

　　C. The process of a study.

　　D. The transferability of a study.

　　解析：询问文章主旨，根据选项可以将选项分成两类，A.B.在讲项目，C.D.在讲研究，而这篇文章主要是从项目入手，全文都在讲项目的事儿，所以C.D.错误。A.强调项目的结果，B.强调辩论，而全文并没有提到几种对立的观点，所以B错误。

　　Text 3

　　As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

　　Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?

　　During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

　　But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

　　One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

　　A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

　　正确答案:

　　31. A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.

　　32. B. They are rare among photographs of that age.

　　33. D. Their unhealthy dental condition.

　　34. A. a deep-root belief.

　　35. A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

　　31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter

　　A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.

　　B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.

　　C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.

　　D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.

　　解析：根据题干中出现的细节信息the author’s posts on Twitter可直接定位到原文第一段第二句插入语当中，所以答案直接为下半句 they have been causing quite a stir，即作者发到推特上的照片让人们感到很惊讶。但考虑到学生可能对stir一词并不熟悉，且下两句并没有出现转折，而且还以peopole为主语，所以下两句是在对定位句进行解释说明。People have been surprised... & Victorians suddenly seem to become more human 都在说明作者都照片改变了人们印象中对维多利亚人对印象。因此选A。B.C.D三个选项均无中生有，只拿着文章中的部分细节信息拼凑细节，编造的选项。

　　32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

　　A. They are in popular use among historians.

　　B. They are rare among photographs of that age.

　　C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

　　D. They show effects of different exposure times.

　　解析：根据题干中出现的细节Victorian portraits he has collected可直接定位原文第二段第一句话。其中题干中author say对应原文I need to concede，所以该句剩下部分即为答案。需要注意的是，这句话有些长，而且出现了对比。作者首先说他所收集的笑容照片只占了一小部分a tiny percentage，后面又提到majority大多数的照片其实是僵硬而没有笑容的。所以两句对比之后得出结论，作者所找到的笑容照片是稀有罕见的。故选B。A.C两个选项均为提到，为无中生有的选项。D选项是下两个段落的内容，在具体解释为什么绝大多数照片中维多利亚人不笑，而不是少部分作者所搜集照片笑的原因。

　　33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

　　A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.

　　B. Their tension before the camera.

　　C. Their distrust of new inventions.

　　D. Their unhealthy dental condition.

　　解析：根据题干关键信息1890s定位第四段，但题干问的是阻止维多利亚人笑的原因，而第四段最后一句so后面给出we must look elsewhere for an explanation要看其他的地方才能找到原因，因此顺着往下看，第五段第一句给出One explanation即为原因。但考虑到这个句子学生理解可能有些吃力，所以可从另一个角度进行解读。定位句为本段首句，首句为论点句，而这一段中剩下的句子都没有出现转折，所以剩下的句子都是对论点句的解释说明。第二句中出现的dentistry是dentist的变形，因此可猜测，跟牙医有关，后面又提到mouths，更可以明确讲的是牙齿与嘴的问题。下一句提到healthy and clean健康干净，以及‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight，所以说的是牙齿很白是很稀有罕见的事。所以综上可知，维多利亚人照相不笑，是因为牙齿，所以选择D。剩下三个选项均未提到。

　　34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was

　　A. a deep-root belief.

　　B. a misguided attitude.

　　C. a controversial view.

　　D. a thought-provoking idea.

　　解析：题干中出现明显的is quoted to show，引用马克吐温是为了表明，所以这道题是一道例子题，按照例子题的做题方式，除段落开头就举例&例子前出现强转折的情况外，一改往前找观点。因此定位句为but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons。笑不是个有教养的人所该做的，所以对应A。剩下三个选项均无中生有。

　　35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?

　　A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

　　B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?

　　C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?

　　D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

　　解析：全篇文章都考过了，因此这道是主旨题，可采用排除法去做。A讲维多利亚人照片中表情严厉的原因，为文章用最大篇幅去描述的内容，并且是32. 33. 34. 三道题去问的核心论点，即为文章主旨。剩下三个选项都是根据文章细节拼凑，并添加无中生有的信息编造的选项，因此错误。

　　Text 4

　　From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.

　　Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.

　　The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.

　　On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”

　　In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.

　　The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

　　答案：

　　36. C. show partiality in treating clients.

　　37. B. Takes an anti-regulatory stance.

　　38. B. It engages in anti-competitive practices.

　　39. D. is out of touch with reality.

　　40. A. Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.

　　36. There has long been concern that broadband provides would

　　A. bring web-based firms under control.

　　B. slow down the traffic on their network.

　　C. show partiality in treating clients.

　　D. intensify competition with their rivals.

　　解析：根据题干关键信息broadband provides可定位原文第一段第一句。题干中concern 可直接对应第一句中出现的worried。C.是原文一句后半部分 favor affiliated websites over their rivals的同义替换。A.B.D三个选项都是原文当中出现的碎片信息进行拼凑和编造，所以错误。

　　37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the Fcc

　　A. Sticks to an out-of-date order.

　　B. Takes an anti-regulatory stance.

　　C. Has issued a special resolution.

　　D. Has allowed the states to intervene.

　　解析：根据上下题题干可以确定该题应该定位第二段，根据FCC 可以定位到该段第三句，但第三句只提到这件事儿，并没有说面对他的需求要怎么样，所以需要顺着往下读下一句，能看到not only, but also的句型，根据句型的情感可以看出来是否定的，根据情感一致的原则四个选项中只有B.选项情感是否定的，所以选B。剩下三个选项只根据原文出现的细节信息进行拼凑，所以错误。

　　38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?

　　A. It protects against unfair competition.

　　B. It engages in anti-competitive practices.

　　C. It is under the FCC’s investigation.

　　D. It is in pursuit of quality service.

　　解析：根据题干中的关键词，第三段AT&T可以直接定位到第三段第一句。原文中出现的anti-competitive behavior直接B选项anti-competitive practices。A.D两个选项均根据原文中出现的碎片细节进行拼凑，所以错误。C选项中出现的FCC，位置在该段最后一个句子，不在定位句，而且他在说的是下一个句子的主语为FCC，两个主语不同的句子进行拼凑，杂糅错误。

　　39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision

　　A. focuses on trivialities.

　　B. conveys an ambiguous message.

　　C. is at odds with its earlier rulings.

　　D. is out of touch with reality.

　　解析：题干询问Judge Patricia Millett 的观点，可以直接定位原文倒数第三段第二句，but转折之后给出the result is unhinged from the realities，即法院决定远离现实，所以选择D。A.B.C.三个选项原文均未提到，所以错误。

　　40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?

　　A. Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.

　　B. The FCC should be put under strict supervision.

　　C. Rules need to be set to diversify online services.

　　D. Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.

　　解析：题干询问作者在最后一段的观点，题干并没有给出可以定位的关键信息，因此这道题应该选择读选项，从选项中提取关键词带入原文的做法。A.选项可以直接定位最后一段第一句，cry out for Congress to act 要求国会采取行动，所以直接对应A.国会应该采取行动。B选项FCC 对应第一句，但原文描述的是FCC 要求国会采取行动，而B选项说的是应当监督FCC ，所以是主宾颠倒，所以错误。C.和 D.两个选项均根据原文中出现的细节进行拼凑，所以错误。

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