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It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder,1 ,to understand their negativeconsequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the othersbecome distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you'll3see how this works with drivers. Watch people geton and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying?Of course! Are there inspectors to4that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And peoplewho run for the bus? They are5.How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequentlyas cyclists.
Why? Because the target is6.People complained that buses were late and infrequent.7,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were8or punished according tothe time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they9hit cyclists. If the target waschanged to10,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterionchanged to safety, you would get more11drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both thesecriteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another12:people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you13thatyou can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad asa two-hour flight.
The 15of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything Can be done faster and madecheaper, but there isa17. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploringconsequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such astime, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19just one or even twodimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.
1. [A] therefore [B] however [C] again [D] moreover
2. [A] Emphasize [B] Identify [C] Assess [D] Explain
3. [A] nearly [B] curiously [C] eagerly [D] quickly
4. [A] claim [B] prove [C] check [D] recall
5. [A] threatened [B] ignored [C] mocked [D] blamed
6. [A] punctuality [B] hospitality [C] competition [D] innovation
7. [A] Yet [B] So [C] Besides [D] Still
8. [A] hired [B] trained [C] rewarded [D] grouped
9. [A] only [B] rather [C] Once [D] Also
10. [A] comfort [B] revenue [C] efficiency [D] security
11. [A] friendly [B] quiet [C] cautious [D] diligent
12. [A] purpose [B] problem [C] prejudice [D] policy
13. [A] interested [B] revealed [C] admitted [D] noticed
14. [A] break [B] trip [C] departure [D] transfer
15. [A] moral [B] background [C] style [D] form
16. [A] interpret [B] criticize [C] sacrifice [D] tolerate
17. [A] task [B] secret [C] product [D] cost
18. [A] leading to [B] calling for [C]relating to [D] accounting for
19. [A] specify [B] predict [C] restore [D] create
20. [A] modify [B] review [C] present [D] achieve
【参考答案】1-5:BADCB 6-10:ABCDB 11-15:CBDBA 16-20:CDCAD
1. 【考点】插入语
【解析】第1题考察能做插入语的逻辑关系词,同时也是完型的高频答案词,直接选择[B] however。
2. 【考点】主题+句中逻辑
【解析】本文主题说的是给员工设定目标并不难,但可能有负面的结果。第2题是一个并列句,联系主题含义应该是 “设定”一个(目标) and其他的(目标)被曲解了,综合选项含义,[A] Emphasize强调;[B] Identify识别;[C] Assess 评价;[D] Explain解释,[A]最接近主题句意思,故选择[A].
3. 【考点】语义辨析
【解析】在第一段提出观点后,第二段给出Londonbusdrivers的例子论证,单纯考察选项语义:[A] nearly几乎;[B] curiously好奇地;[C] eagerly急切地;[D] quickly快速地,直接带入原文,[D]语义最通顺,故选[D]。
4. 【考点】上下文联系
【解析】本段开头说伦敦公交司机看人们上车并出示车票“Watch people geton and show their tickets”, 第4题的句子inspectors+v. that people have paid指的就是司机查票,因此选择[C] check。
5. 【考点】上下文联系
【解析】第5题的上一句问的是And people who run for the bus?对于那些营运公交的人怎么办?此处线索来自于上文说司机其实没有真正在查票,也确实存在逃票的乘客,由此可知,其实司机并没有顾及营运的利益问题,所以选择[B]ignored, They are ignored,营运这方面被忽视掉了。
6. 【考点】上下句联系
【解析】第6题承接上文解释原因,因为司机的目标是,此时一定要往后再看一句,People complained that buses were late人们抱怨汽车总是晚点,基于上下文的关联,司机的目标是去解决晚点这个问题,故选择[A] punctuality准时。
7. 【考点】逻辑关系
【解析】第7题注意分析填空前后句的关系,汽车晚点这件事的解决办法是增加汽车的数量,前后是因果关系,选择结果词[B]So。
8. 【考点】逻辑关系
【解析】第8题后面是orpunished,or前后语义相反,punish惩罚的反义词是reward奖励,故选择[C] rewarded。
9. 【考点】上下文联系
【解析】前一句和本句都用到了hit这个单词,因此用[D]also表达前后用词重复性。前一句指的是司机达成准时这个目标,后一句(为了抢时间)撞了骑自行车的人。
10. 【考点】上下文联系+语义辨析
【解析】第10题出自一个if的条件状语从句,看逗号后的内容确定上文,逗号后提到的是“pricing定价” ,前面的话题要与钱有关,选项:[A] comfort安慰;[B] revenue 收入;[C] efficiency 效率;[D] security安全,因此选择[B] revenue 收入。
11. 【考点】上下文联系+语义辨析
【解析】第11题与第10题考点类似,都是在逗号前后找关联,逗号前说的是safety安全,选择一个形容词修饰开车的司机,选项:[A] friendly友好的;[B] quiet安静的;[C] cautious小心的;[D] diligent勤奋的, 因此选择[C]cautious,小心谨慎的司机。
12. 【考点】上下文联系
【解析】第12题前提到another,此处提到另一个…对应上一段找合适的话题,上一段讲的是司机为了准时导致的负面结果,由此选择负面情况[B] problem,[C] prejudice偏见尽管也是负面含义,但是与本文话题完全无关。
13. 【考点】动宾关系
【解析】第13题后面是宾语从句,you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time在飞机上晚一小时出发但准时到达,前面是Haveyou这种情况,带入选项词汇[A] interested 感兴趣;[B] revealed揭露;[C] admitted认可;[D] noticed注意,选择[D] noticed最符合句意。
14. 【考点】句意理解
【解析】第14题的句子首先要分析语法,句子主干是Airlines have simply changed the time, “a 14 is meant to take”是修饰time的从句,意思是航线会改变要花费的时间,因此我们要选择一个涉及花费时间的活动,故选择[B]trip旅行。
15. 【考点】熟词僻意
【解析】在15题前讲述的是关于航线的例子,本段解读该例子的含义,此处[A]moral并不表示道德,而是 “寓意”。
16. 【考点】文章中心话题
【解析】此处照应本文第一段的主题2 one and the othersbecome distorted,提出一个目标,其他目标就不在意了,本句话Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others要表达相近的含义,因此选择[C]sacrifice牺牲。
17. 【考点】上下文联系+感情色彩
【解析】第17题处于but转折之后,此时阅读下一句找出17空的线索,下一句说“unforeseennegative consequences”无法预料的负面结果,由此17题选择同样表示负面结果的[D]cost代价。
18. 【考点】上下文关联
【解析】第18题考察空前后内容的关系,criteria标准criticalfactors关键因素,同时考虑文章已经接近结尾,必然会提出解决问题的方法,即设置标准要考虑一些关键因素,比如时间、金钱等,根据语义选择[C]relating to关于。
19. 【考点】上下文关联+语义辨析
【解析】前一句提到了可能涉及多个因素,本句添加一个动词,后面跟着的是one or two dimensions of objective, 即从多个因素中只选择一或两个,[A] specify 指定;[B] predict预测; [C] restore恢复;[D] create创造,根据上下文理解选择[A]specify。
20. 【考点】文章主题
【解析】文章的主题是target目标,文章结尾扣题,选择[D]achievethe objective达成目标。
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