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Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTS, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the programme has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But the CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7, 468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation”, Farrow says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest. With the CCTS, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty. Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs”.
26. According to the first two paragraph, CCT programmes aim to ________.
A. Facilitate health-care reform
B. help poor families get better off
C. Improve local education systems
D. lower deforestation rates
27. The study based on an area in Mexico cited to show that ________.
A. cattle raising has been a major livelihood for the poor
B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles
C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers
D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation
28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out ________.
A. its acceptance level of CCTs
B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation
C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss
D. the role of its forests in climate change
29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in that ________.
A. it will benefit other Asian countries
B. it will reduce regional inequality
C. it can protect the environment
D. it can benefit grain production
30. What is the text centered on?
A. The effects of a program.
B. The debates over a program.
C. The process of a study.
D. The transfer-ability of a study.
【正确答案】26.B 27.D 28.C 29.C 30.A
【解析】
26.本题的关键词是CCT programmes和aim to定位于第二段第二句后半句,题干中“aim to”对应文中“are designed to”,问该项目的目的。“are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty”意为,旨在减少不平等,打破贫困怪圈。B选项“help poor families get better off” 意为“帮助贫困家庭过得更好”,是本句定位句的同义改写,因此为正确答案。
A选项中的“health-care”和C选项中的“local education systems”均出自于第二段第一句,不在定位句,而且这是该项目帮助减少贫困的具体示例,不是目的所在,故都排除。D选项“deforestation rates”出自文章第一段第一句,不在定位句,是对印度尼西亚现状的客观陈述,也不是该项目的目的,故也排除。
27.本题的关键词是the study和based on an area in Mexico定位于第四段第三句。本句后半句指出,这个研究支持了传统的观点。本段第一句指出,经济增长可能与环境退化有关,而环境保护有时与更严重的贫困有关。第二句出现转折,否定了第一句,因此可得出第一句是固有的传统的观点。第一句是在讨论经济发展与环境保护的反比关系,因此D选项“经济增长往往导致环境退化”为正确答案。A选项中的“cattle”来自于本段最后一句,不在定位句,不是例证要证明的论点;而且文中也没有说养牛是穷人的主要生计,A选项过度解读,说法错误,故排除。B选项中的“traditional”来源于本段第三句,但第三句讲的是“traditional view”,即经济发展与环境保护之间关系的观点,但文中并未说传统的生活方式,故B选项排除。文章也未提到“反贫困需要当地农民的参与”,因此C选项也排除。
28.本题的关键词是Indonesia,Farrow和intends to定位于第五段第二句“Ferraro wanted to…”,题干中“intends to”对应文中“wanted to”,“find out”对应文中的“see”。该定位句中“poverty-alleviation program”对应C选项中的“CCT”(文章第二段指出CCT目的就是打破贫困循环,因此“poverty-alleviation program”就是特指CCT),“deforestation”对应C选项中的“forest loss”;且该句意思是“Ferraro想了解印尼的扶贫项目是否会影响森林砍伐”,C选项意思是“CCTs与森林损失之间的关系”,因此C选项是文章定位句的同义表达,故为正确答案。A选项CCTs的可接受程度,B选项每年的扶贫速度和D选项森林在气候变化中的作用,文章均未提及,故都排除。
29.本题的关键词是Ferraro,CCT program和valuable定位于文章最后一段最后一句,文中的“avoided deforestation”对应C选项中的“protect the environment”;最后一句意思为“仅因避免砍伐森林的价值就超过了该项目的成本。”因此,C选项“能够保护环境”为正确答案。A选项other Asian countries出自于文章最后一段第二句,不在定位句,而且文章只是交代“结果可能会转移到亚洲其他地区”,并未提及会使这些国家受益,因此A选项排除。B选项“它将减少地区不平等”和D选项“能够有利于粮食生产”文章均未提及,故都排除。
30.该题关键词the text和center on,考查全文主旨。从原文中我们看到频率最高的两个词是CCT program和deforestation,整篇文章都在讲CCT项目对森林砍伐率的影响,文章前两段讲述CCT项目旨在减少贫困,有利于减少贫困和不公平;从第三段开始至文末,都在讲述CCT项目与森林退化之间的关系,传统观点认为,经济发展不利于环境保护,但Ferraro的研究表明,该项目有助于环境保护,其避免砍伐森林的价值就大于该项目本身。因此A选项“一个项目的影响”为正确答案。B选项“关于一个项目的争论”,虽然全文都在讲“项目”,但未就“争论”进一步展开,因此不是全文主旨所在;C选项和D选项都是关于“研究”的,与全文主旨词不符,因此都排除。
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