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As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and — since I started posting them on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.
32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was
A. a deep-root belief.
B. a misguided attitude.
C. a controversial view.
D. a thought-provoking idea.
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
【正确答案】31.A 32.B 33.D 34.A 35.A
【解析】
31. 根据题干 author, Twitter两个关键词可以定位到第一段的第二句,但是只提到了作者在Twitter上发帖,题目问的是作者在Twitter上发帖所带来的影响,故答案不在本句,在三、四句中提到人们惊讶地发现,有证据表明,维多利亚时代的人喜欢笑,能够笑,也确实笑过。他们注意到,维多利亚时代似乎突然变得更有人味了,因为我们共同的欢笑经历使我们之间的百年左右的分隔逐渐消失。与原文同意表述的只有A。B说Twitter强调了社交媒体在维多利亚时代研究中的作用,属于无中生有。C说重新评价维多利亚时代的公众形象,原文说人们发现和选项中说重新评价明显是偷换概念。D说阐明了维多利亚时代摄影术的发展,定位句没有提到摄影技术,属于无中生有。
32. 根据题干的关键词author,Victorian,collection,可以定位到第二段的第一句,第二段第一句提到了作者author,Victorian,collection,定位句在第二段第一句。作者承认,维多利亚肖像画的收藏只占创建于1840年至1900年之间庞大的摄影肖像画之中的极小比例,故作者认为他的收藏品在那个时代的照片中它们是很少有的,tiny对应rare。所以选B。A说它们在历史学家中广泛使用,属于正反混淆。C说反映了19世纪的社会习俗,1900年属于20世纪,排除。D说它们显示了不同曝光时间的影响,原文未提及,属于无中生有。
33. 根据题干1890s,可以定位到第四段的第二句。本句作者提到在19世纪90年代,自发的微笑相对容易捕捉,所以我们必须从其他地方寻找为什么维多利亚时代的人仍然对微笑犹豫不决的原因。故原因应该往下找,往上找的话上文时间上对应不上,下文又没有提到新的年份,因此表示原因的答案应该在第五段出现,第五段有一个词explanation直接锁定答案在本段,本段反复在讲口腔卫生话题,选项D中出现的dental的同义词是原文中的teeth,因此答案选D,A选项说社会敏感性,原文没有提及,属于无中生有。B说镜头前的紧张,原文没有提及,属于无中生有。C选项说对新发明的不信任,原文没有提及,同样属于无中生有。
34. 根据题干Mark Twain这一关键词,可以定位到第六段的第二句。马克吐温说“没有什么比一个永远固定的愚蠢的微笑更可恶的了”。故表明摄影中并不赞成微笑的这一做法是心照不宣的摄影观念,故答案选A。B选项说错误的态度,原文没有体现有关正确与错误的争论,排除。C选项说有争议的观点,原文对在摄影中磨人的的不赞成微笑是一致的看法,不存在争议一说。D选项说发人深省的想法,引文马克吐温的话,对这一现象进行嘲讽,并未发人深省。
35. 本题为主旨题,虽然题干没有出现主旨题标志词,主旨题答案常见干扰为文章细节,只有A选项的问法“为什么大多数维多利亚时代的人在照片里看起来都很严肃?”符合主题,文章围绕这一话题展开,因此答案选A;B选项说为什么维多利亚时代的人开始看照片? 明显语意混淆,排除。C选项说是什么使摄影在维多利亚时期发展缓慢? 文章中没有提及摄影技术的发展历史,排除。D选项说照片中的微笑是如何成为后维多利亚时代的规范的? 与原文描述的主旨关联性不大且语意表述有误,排除。
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