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As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and — since I started posting them on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter_______.
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.
32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was________
A. a deep-root belief.
B. a misguided attitude.
C. a controversial view.
D. a thought-provoking idea.
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
【正确答案】31. A 32.B 33. D 34. A 35. A
【解析】
31.本题是细节题,根据题干上的大写Twitter可以直接定位到第一段的第二句,可以从stir一词中看出这件事引起了轰动。从下一句能更清楚地看到people have been surprised to see得出人们对这件事是相当惊讶的,跟大家常见的应该是不一样的。故选A选项,改变了人们的印象。B选项强调对维多利亚时期人们的研究中社交媒体的作用,文中没有提到;C选项重新评估在维多利亚时期人们对大众形象的看法,文中说的是大家对维多利亚时期的人们的形象的看法,概念混淆;D选项阐述了对维多利亚时期照片的发展,文中没有提到。
32. 本题是细节题,根据题干上 the Victorian portraits he has collected可以定位到第二段的第一句, 根据I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900得出这些收藏只是诸多照片中很小的一个比例,与B选项中的rare属于同义词替换,created between 1840 and 1900对应选项的that age;其他三个选项文中均没有提到。
33. 本题是细节题,从题干上的 kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s可以定位到第四段的最后一句so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile,本句说我们要寻求一个解释,而第五段的第一句one explanation才展开解释,所以本题的正确答案锁定了第五段,整个第五段都是在讲牙齿的问题,选项D dental health是牙齿的健康问题,故D选项正确。其他三个选项文中均没有提到。
34. 本题是细节题,题干上的Mark Twain是例子,题干上问马克·吐温的例子表明了反对照片中笑是根据题干可定位到最后一段,根据第一句but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons得出“对于有教养的人来说这时不合适的”,根据第二句nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever“没有什么比永远固定一个愚蠢的傻笑更可恶的事情了”均可得出人们普遍认为照片中不应该笑,故选项A一个根深蒂固的想法为正确选项。其他三个选项文中均没有提到。
35.本题是主旨题,第一段讲作者观察维多利亚时代的人发现在照片中他们是不笑的。第二段讲他们笑的照片相对很少,最后一句说到如何解释这个现象。第三段讲因为过去相机的问题,所以拍照的时候大家不笑。第四段讲相机改善后人们还是不笑。第五段讲因为牙齿健康的问题所以不笑。第六段讲人们普遍认为有教养的人拍照的时候笑很愚蠢,所以大家还是不笑。故选项A为正确答案。其他三个选项文中均没有提到。
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