2021考研真题答案及解析>>免费领直播课 | |||
公共课 | 政治 | 英语一 | 英语二 |
数学一 | 数学二 | 数学三 |
2021考研初试12月26~27日进行,2021考研初试情况(点击查看》》2021考研初试真题及答案解析专题),第一时间为考生提供考研真题答案及答案解析内容,同时新东方考研教师将为考生提供视频直播解析。直播入口|考研真题答案专区
Text 3
As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and — since I started posting them on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.
32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was
A. a deep-root belief.
B. a misguided attitude.
C. a controversial view.
D. a thought-provoking idea.
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
【正确答案】31.A 32.B 33.D 34.A 35.A
【解析】
31. 关键词Paragraph 1/ posts on Twitter,定位到第一段第二三句话,作者发布的照片引起轰动,人们惊讶地发现,维多利亚时代的人们玩得很开心,而且确实会笑。这表示在作者发布照片之前,维多利亚时期的人给大家的印象是不怎么笑的。这些照片改变了(change)人们关于维多利亚时期人不笑的印象(impression)。因此A为正确选项。B选项文章没有涉及,属于无中生有。C选项中有个re-evaluate,作者说的是re-evaluate the past,没有涉及public image(公共形象)。D选项,作者发布的照片,只是显示了当时的人们会笑,未说明维多利亚时期的摄影发展,属于无中生有。
32. 本题关键词the author(I) /collect/portraits 定位到文章第二段第一句话。那个时期that age(between 1840 and 1900)创作的大量摄影肖像(photographs)中,作者收集的 “微笑的维多利亚人”只占了很小的比例(makes up only a tiny percentage of),说明这些照片不常见,很稀少(rare)。所以答案选B。A选项中的历史学家(historians)只在第一段提到一次, D选项中的曝光时间(exposure times)在第四段提到了,都不在我们的定位句,与此题无关。C选项无中生有。
33. 本题关键词1890s,定位到第四段最后一句话上下文。但最后一句话,没有解释,解释(explanation)在下文第五段。在合适的牙科(dentistry)诞生之前,口腔(mouths)通常处于令人震惊的卫生状态,健康(healthy), 干净的(clean)珍珠白牙齿(pearly-whites)很罕见(rare)。换言之,那时候牙齿(teeth/dental)通常是处于不健康不干净(unhealthy and unclean)的状态(condition),因此答案选D。 ABC选项都是无中生有。本段没有提及社会敏感性(social sensitiveness),面对镜头的紧张感(tension)以及对新发明(new inventions)的不信任(distrust)。
34. 本题关键词Mark Twain定位到第六段最后一句话。就连(Even)Mark Twain这样一个喜欢开怀大笑的人(enjoyed a hearty laugh),也觉得“没有什么比被照片永远记录下来的愚蠢微笑更可怕的了(nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever)”,说明他不赞成拍照时微笑,觉得很蠢。所以正确选项为A,这是一个连Mark Twain都觉得正确的,根深蒂固的信仰(a deep-root belief)。B选项错误的态度(a misguided attitude),C选项有争议的观点(a controversial view),D选项发人深省的想法(a thought-provoking idea)是不正确的。
35. 整篇文章在解释为什么维多利亚时期的人们拍照时不喜欢微笑。A选项,看起来很严肃(look stern),表达的意思与不喜欢笑相近。B选项,维多利亚时期的人们为什么开始看照片,C选项,什么使得维多利亚时期摄影发展缓慢,D选项,拍照时微笑如何成为后维多利亚时期的常态的,这三项属于无中生有,文章并未回答这些问题。
新东方教师直播解析2021考研答案>>免费领直播课 | |||
专业课 | 管理类联考 | 西医综合 | 中医综合 |
法硕 | 法硕非法学 | 计算机 | |
教育学 | 历史学 | 心理学 | |
经济学 | 农学 | 二外日语 |
更多2021考研真题答案及考研动态请持续关注新东方网。