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　　It is not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, _1_,to understand their negative consequences._2_ one and the others become distorted.

　　Travel on a London bus and you’ll _3_see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are there carefully inspected?Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to _4_ that people who have paid? Possibly but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are _5_ . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.

　　Why? Because the target is_6_. People complained that buses were late and in-frequent. _7_, the number of the buses and bus lanes were increased and drivers were _8_or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they _9_ hit the cyclists. If the target was changed to_10_, you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more _11_ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.

　　There is another _12_: people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you _13_ that you can leave on flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a _14_ is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two hour flight.

　　The _15_ of the story is simple: most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well __16__ others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a _17_. Setting targets can be and does have unforeseen negative consequences.

　　This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria _18_critical fac-tors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to _19_just one or even two dimensions of the objective. but also to understand how to help people better __20__ the objective.

　　1 [A] therefore [B] however [C] again [D] moreover

　　2 [A] identify [B] emphasize [C] assess [D] explain

　　3 [A] quickly [B] curiously [C] early [D] nearly

　　4 [A] claim [B] prove [C] recall [D] check

　　5 [A] threatened [B] ignored [C] mocked [D] blamed

　　6 [A] hospitality [B] punctuality [C] competition [D] innovation

　　7 [A] yes [B] so [C] besides [D] still

　　8 [A] hired [B] trained [C] grouped [D] rewarded

　　9 [A] also [B] only [C] rather [D] once

　　10 [A] comfort [B] efficiency [C] revenue [D] security

　　11 [A] friendly [B] quiet [C] diligent [D] cautious

　　12 [A] purpose [B] prejudice [C] problem [D] policy

　　13 [A] noticed [B] revealed [C] reported [D] admitted

　　14 [A] break [B] departure [C] trip [D] transfer

　　15 [A] background [B] moral [C] style [D] form

　　16 [A] interpret [B] criticize [C] tolerate [D] sacrifice

　　17 [A] cost [B] task [C] secret [D] product

　　18 [A] leading to [B] calling for [C] accounting for [D] relating to

　　19 [A] predict [B] specify [C] restore [D] create

　　20 [A] achieve [B] modify [C] review [D] present

　　【正确答案】

　　答案：BBADB BBDAC DCACC DADBA

　　1.【考点】逻辑关系

　　【解析】空格所在位置为两个逗号之间，这种逻辑关系题however的入选概率是最高的。同时根据空前的not difficult和之后的much harder，可知前后构成相反关系，所以however为正确选项。

　　2.【考点】逻辑关系+动词辨析

　　【解析】根据后文不要只是专注于一个目标，可以推知此空填emphasize.

　　3.【考点】 语意关系+副词辨析

　　【解析】因为前文是point，从第二段开始是supporting detail的例子，所以example例子一定是为了证明前文观点。所以填顺承副词quickly。

　　4. 【考点】语意关系+动词辨析

　　【解析】根据后文的多个与bus driver 有关的并列例子，可以推知此处为检票员会认真检票么?当然不!所以选择check .

　　5.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析

　　【解析】与第四题逻辑相同，公交车司机直接忽视掉赶车的人，以此证明司机忽略了服务。

　　6.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析

　　【解析】本空为段首空。段首空通常为段中心，与本段后文相关，可以在本段寻找解题线索。

　　根据后文according to the time they took，可知本段对公交车司机的考察重要标准是punctuality准时。

　　7.【考点】语意关系

　　【解析】本题为逻辑关系题，根据空前人们投诉公交不准时和空后公交车辆、线路增加可以推知，本句为结果逻辑so。

　　8.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析

　　【解析】根据or可知本题为并列逻辑题，司机会因为到达时间的快慢而受到惩罚或奖励drivers were _8_or punished according to the time they took。所以本题填punish的反义词reward。

　　9.【考点】语意关系

　　【解析】根据句间转折词but，可以推知空前drivers hit their targets. 司机实现了目标。But之后应该是司机做的不好的方面，所以选择also， they _also_ hit the cyclists，司机守时的同时却也撞人了。

　　10.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析

　　【解析】根据句间条件关系词if，If the target was changed to_10_, the pricing will be more carefully inspected，可以推知，后文和price价格、钱有关，那么本题选择revenue。

　　11.【考点】语意关系 + 形容词辨析

　　【解析】If the target was changed to security, drivers would be more _11_ and obey traffic rules.

　　根据上文security安全，可知本题应该选择与安全相关的形容词cautious谨慎的。

　　12.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析

　　【解析】本句根据上文可知选择problem。

　　13.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析

　　【解析】根据上文可知选择notice。

　　14.【考点】语意关系 +名词辨析

　　【解析】根据空前take a late flight and arrive early可知本题答案为一次飞行旅程，所以选择trip。

　　15.【考点】语意关系

　　【解析】根据上文可知选择style。

　　16.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析

　　【解析】根据空前focus on one goal ，以及and表达的并列顺承关系可以推知 and you _16_others，此空应该选择不关注或者忽视、牺牲其他目标。所以正确答案为sacrifice。

　　17.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析

　　【解析】根据前文给员工设置目标后会产生相应的negative consequences，以及之前所说at the expense of 以…为代价可知本题选择负向名词cost，解释为代价、成本。

　　18.【考点】语意关系+词组搭配

　　【解析】根据上文multiple factors和two dimensions的因素。所以本题选择与关键因素相关的因素，本题relating to 为正确选项。

　　19.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析

　　【解析】根据前文不应该仅仅emphasize one goal，可知本题It is not necessary to _19_one or two dimensions of the goals. 可知不应该仅仅关注或指定其中一个目标。本题specify为正确答案。

　　20.【考点】语意关系+词组搭配

　　【解析】因为后文为目标goal，所以本题为achieve the goal。

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