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二、阅读理解A部分:
Text 1
Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the “core skills” within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline, so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.
The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy. Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.
With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.
Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden: when forced to furlough 90 percent of their cabin staff. Scandinavian Airline decided to start up a short retaining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital stuff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.
21. Research by the World Economic Forum suggests______.
A.an increase in full-time employment
B.an urgent demand for new job skills
C.a steady growth of job opportunities
D.a controversy about the "core skills"
22. AT&T is cited to show______.
A.an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy
B.an immediate need for government support
C.the importance of staff appraisal standards
D.the characteristics of reskilling programs
23. Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada______.
A.have driven up labour costs
B.have proved to be inconsistent
C.have met with fierce opposition
D.have appeared to be insufficient
24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was______.
A.a call for policy adjustment
B.a change in hiring practices.
C.a lack of medical workers
D.a sign of economic recovery.
25. Scandinavian Airlines decided to______.
A.create job vacancies for the unemployed.
B.prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs.
C.retrain their cabin staff for better services
D.finance their staff' s college education
【正确答案】21.B 22.A 23.D 24.C 25.B
【解析】
21. 本题的关键词为World Economic Forum以及Research,通过两处关键词可定位到第一段第三句。本句话表明,世界经济论坛(WEF)在《哈佛商业评论》中的研究发现,截止到2022年,工作职责中平均42%的“核心技能”将发生变化。对比四个选项,可得知选项B “对于新的工作技能的迫切需求”为正确选项。本题的强干扰选项为选项D “有关于‘核心技能’的争议”,虽然原文提及了核心技能,但是并没有提到对其存在争议,属于无中生有,因此排除D。选项A中的全职就业和选项C中的工作机会稳步提升在原文均未提及。
22. 根据题干中的“cited”以及“to show”,可得知本题为例证题。本题的关键词为AT&T,通过该关键词可定位到第二段第四句。本句话表明,美国电话电报公司(AT&T)通常被视为公司的黄金标准,该公司决定执行大规模的再培训项目,而不是采用“解雇与雇用”的战略,该公司最终再培训了近18,000名员工。按照例子证明观点且观点往往在例子之前的原则,对前一句话进行分析。前一句话表明“那种情况并非一直存在”(That does not always happen.),通过还原本句中的“that”所指代的情况,定位到上一句,“对于个体企业而言,其诱惑总是在于,解雇那些自身技能不再被需要的员工,并将其替换为那些自身技能满足公司需求的工人。”再结合例子,可得知AT&T例子所证明的观点是,比起解雇再重新雇用员工,更应采取再培训项目。故选项A“替代‘解雇与雇用’战略的选择”为正确选项。本题的强干扰选项为选项D “再培训项目的特征”,虽然原文提及了再培训项目,但是并没有提到其特征,属于无中生有,因此排除D。选项B中的政府支持和选项C中的员工评估标准在原文均未提及。
23. 本题的关键词为Efforts以及Canada,通过两处关键词可定位到第二段最后一句。尾句表明,加拿大和其他地方的努力充其量只能说是“懒洋洋的”(languid),而且给我们带来了这样一种局面:我们经常听到雇主甚至在失业率居高不下的地区“乞讨”员工。通过分析定位句,可得知加拿大在解决技能不匹配的问题上并不到位。对比四个选项,可得知选项D “似乎并不充足”为正确选项。选项A中的劳动力成本提升和选项C中的遭受强烈的反对在原文均未提及。选项B“证明其是反复无常的”与原文逻辑不符。
24. 根据题干中的Paragraph 3,本题可定位到第三段。第三段倒数第二句表明,尽管许多工人短缺现象已经消失,但并非所有人都是如此。尾句通过例子表明,在医疗领域,大流行意味着医生、护士和其他医务人员仍然明显短缺。对比四个选项,可得知选项C “缺乏医疗工作者”为正确选项。选项A中的政策调整、选项B中的雇用惯例以及选项D中的经济复苏在原文均未提及。
25. 根据题干中的关键词Scandinavian Airlines,本题可定位到最后一段倒数第二句。本句话表明,斯堪的纳维亚航空公司决定启动一项短期保留计划,该计划重新培训了下岗工人以支持医院的岗位需求。对比四个选项,可得知选项B “让其下岗工人做好其他工作的准备”为正确选项。选项A中的大量空缺岗位、选项C中的重新培训客舱以及选项D中的资助员工的大学教育在原文均未提及,属于无中生有。
Text 2
With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.
Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation's health. Sounds great — but how feasible is this vision?
According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and daily production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.
There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively — meaning fewer green fields and more factory-style production.
But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg — which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes — we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.
Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.
26. Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would______.
A.be hindered by its population growth
B.contribute to the nations well-being
C.become a priority of the government
D.post a challenge to its farming industry
27. The report by the University of Leeds showed that in the UK______.
A.farmland has been inefficiently utilized
B.factory style production needs reforming
C.most land is used for meat and dairy production
D.more green fields will be converted for farming
28. Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to______.
A.its farming technology
B.its dietary tradition
C.its natural conditions
D.its commercial interests
29. It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people______.
A.rely largely on imports for fresh produce
B.enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption
C.are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake
D.are trying to grow new varieties of grains
30. The author's attitude to food self-efficiency in the UK is______.
A.defensive
B.doubtful
C.tolerant
D.optimistic
【正确答案】26.B 27.C 28.C 29.A 30.B
【解析】
26. 本题的关键词是Some people、UK和food self-sufficiency,题干问的是“一些人认为英国的粮食自给自足将会如何”,可根据关键词定位于第2段。根据第2段第3句话“促进农业、政治主权乃至国民健康(boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation's health)”,与B选项“为国民健康做出贡献(contribute to the nations well-being)”表述相一致,其中“well-being”的含义为“健康,幸福”,与原文“health”属于同义替换,因此选B。其它选项,A选项“受到人口增长的阻碍(be hindered by its population growth)”,原文第一段虽然有出现“population”(非定位句复现),但没有说人口增长会阻碍食物自给自足,因此排除;C选项“成为政府的首要任务(become a priority of the government)”,原文并未提及“priority首要任务”,因此排除;D选项“给农业带来挑战(post a challenge to its farming industry)”,原文中虽然有提到“farming农业”,但没有说是“挑战”,因此排除。
27. 本题的关键词是report、University of Leeds和UK,定位于第3段。根据第3段第1句话“该国85%的土地面积与肉类和奶制品生产有关(85 per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production)”,与C选项“大部分土地用于肉类和奶制品生产(most land is used for meat and dairy production)”的含义相一致,其中“占全国土地总面积的85% (85 per cent of the country's total land)”与“大部分土地(most land)” 属于同义替换, 因此选择C。其它选项,A选项“农田利用效率低下(farmland has been inefficiently utilised)”,“utilise”是“利用,使用”的意思,原文并未提及农田使用效率低;B选项“工厂化生产需要改革(factory style production needs reforming)”,而原文第四段最后一句说的是“这意味着更少的绿地和更多的工厂化生产(meaning fewer green fields and more factory-style production)”,并没有提改革(reforming);D选项“更多的绿地将被改造成农田(more green fields will be converted for farming)”,而原文说的是“更少的土地(fewer green fields)”,属于正反混淆。
28. 本题的关键词是Crop-growing和UK,题干中问“英国的农作物种植受到限制,原因是什么”,定位于第5段。问的是原因咱们就要找原因,根据第5段第2句话(含有原因词“reason”),说明“英国以畜牧业为主是有原因的:大部分地区没有适宜的土壤或气候来种植商业作物(There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis)”,结合后面“该国只有25%的土地适合种植农作物(Just 25 per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing)”,说明没有适宜的土壤或气候是英国农作物种植受到限制的原因,因此选择C选项,“自然条件(natural conditions)”是对“土壤或气候(soil or climate)”同义替换。其它选项,A选项“它的耕作技术(its farming technology)”,原文没有说应该农业技术不行,因此排除;B选项“它的饮食传统(its dietary tradition)”,原文中没有说英国人在传统上不愿意吃农作物,因此排除;D选项“其商业利益(its commercial interests)”,原文中没有说英国限制农作物是因为受商业利益的影响。
29. 本题的关键词是last paragraph和British people,定位于第6段(本题根据关键词不能准确定位到一句,属于推断题,因此第六段的两句话都得看)。根据第6段第1句话,“目前英国消费的水果和蔬菜中只有23%是本土种植的(Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown)”,这意味着77%的水果和蔬菜不是英国本土生产的,大部分还是要进口,因此选择A选项“新鲜农产品主要依赖进口(rely largely on imports for fresh produce)”。其它选项,B选项“水果消费量稳步上升(enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption)”,原文并没有说英国消费水果的数量越来越多,因此排除掉;C选项“are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake(正在寻找减少热量摄入的有效方法)”,原文中虽然有“intake”这个词的原词复现,但原文说的是“这是在我们寻找种植谷物、糖、种子和油的空间之前,这些食物为我们提供了当前大量的卡路里摄入量(That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake)”,考试的时候如果句子看不懂,可以通过原文“为我们提供目前大量的卡路里摄入量(provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake)”与选项“减少热量摄入(cut calorie intake)”对比,很明显这两句话感情色彩是相反的;D选项“正在尝试种植新的谷物品种(are trying to grow new varieties of grains)”,原文中虽然有复现“grow”,但没有体现“新的(new)”,因此排除该选项。
30. 本题的关键词是attitude、food self-sufficiency和UK,根据“attitude”可判断该题型为态度题,题干问的是作者对英国食物自给自足的态度是怎样的,定位于第2段。根据第2段最后两句,“他们认为,恢复自给自足将促进农业、政治主权甚至国民健康。这听起来不错,但这一愿景的可行性如何? (A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation's health. Sounds great — but how feasible is this vision?)”,“?”显然是一种质疑的态度,但如果细心观察此句的主语是“they”不是作者,因此未必是作者态度。还需要进一步分析,由于全文的主题就是讨论英国食物自给自足,全文态度优先考虑最后一段,根据最后一段“目前,英国消费的水果和蔬菜中只有23%是自家种植的,因此,即使采取最极端的措施,我们也只能满足30%的新鲜农产品需求(Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs”,农作物只有少部分(23%)是自我生产,这表明作者认为英国在食物上不能自给自足,态度消极,因此选择B“doubtful(怀疑的)”。其它选项,A选项“defensive(防御用的)”,没有体现是为了自我防御;C选项“tolerant(容忍的,宽容的)”,也没有在原文中体现,并且如果问是作者的态度,则一般可把“tolerant”排除掉(作者遇到问题不能“忍”);D选项“optimistic(乐观的)”,是积极的态度,与原文感情色彩相反。
Text 3
When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft’s own Office dominates the market for “productivity" software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smart-phone world.
Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many "acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger for tech talent.
To Microsoft’s critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. “They bought the seedlings and closed them down,” complained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.
Like other start-up investors, Mr Arnold’s own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: “I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy? I don' t know.”
The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.
Given their combined market value of more than $5.5tn, rifling through such small deals - many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise - might seem beside the point. Between them, the five biggest tech companies (Apple, Microsoft, Google, Amazon and Facebook) have spent an average of only $3.4bn a year on sub-$lbn acquisitions over the past five years — a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than $130bn of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.
However, critics say that the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a "buy and kill" tactic to simply close them down.
31. What is true about Wuderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions_____.
A.Their market values declined.
B.Their tech features improved
C.Their engineers were retained
D.Their products were re-priced.
32.Microsoft’s critics believe that the big tech companies tend to______.
A.ignore public opinions
B.treat new tech talent unfairly
C.exaggerate their product quality
D.eliminate their potential competitors.
33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might______.
A.harm the national economy
B.worsen market competition
C.discourage start-up investors
D.weaken big tech companies.
34.The US Federal Trade Commission intend to______.
A.examine small acquisitions
B.limit Big Tech’ s expansion
C.supervise start-ups’ operations
D.encourage research collaboration
35.For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisition have______.
A.brought little financial pressure
B.raised few management challenges
C.set an example for future deals
D.generated considerable profits
【正确答案】31.C 32.D 33.A 34.A 35.A
【解析】
31. 本题属于一道细节判断题,通过题干中的关键词“Wuderlist”,“sunrise”以及“acquisitions”可以定位到前两个自然段。A项“市值下降”在原文中并未提到;B项中的“tech feature”在原文中的第二段第一句提到,“微软表示,它在自己的产品中使用了它们最好的功能(Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products)”,并未说明“tech feature”有改进,B项为干扰选项,可以排除;C项是原文中“他们的工程师团队留下来了(Their teams of engineers stayed on)”的同义替换,说法正确;根据第二段第一句可知,这两款app被取消(Both apps, however, were later scrapped)了,而D项所述“他们的商品被重新定价”并未在原文中提及。
32. 根据题干中的关键词“Microsoft’s critics”以及“big tech companies”可以定位到原文的第三段第一句:在微软的批评者看来,Wunderlist和Sunrise的命运表明大型科技公司无情地想要摧毁任何挡在它们道路上的创新公司。C项中的eliminate(消灭)是原文chew up的同义替换,their potential competitors(他们的潜在竞争者)是原文any innovative companies that lie in their path的同义替换,所以C项说法正确;A项“无视舆论”,C项“夸大产品质量”均未在文中体现;B项“不公平对待新技术人才”,文中体现的是大型科技公司与新的科技公司之间的关系,而非与新技术人才之间的问题,B项说法错误。
33. 根据题干中的关键词“Paul Arnold”以及“small acquisitions”可以定位到原文中的第三段第二句以及第四段,A项“损害国家经济”在原文第四段Paul Arnold所说的话中体现出来“但它们对美国经济有好处吗?我不知道。”本句话中的“它们(they)”指的是前文中的“将初创企业出售给规模更大的科技公司(selling start-ups to larger tech companies)”,即为题干中“small acquisitions”的同义替换,可知Paul Arnold认为小规模收购(small acquisitions)有可能会损害美国经济,故A项正确;B项“恶化市场竞争”并未在Paul Arnold的话中有明确体现;根据Paul Arnold所说“自私一点的讲,我认为这些东西对我有好处(I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on)”,可知小规模并购对初创投资者是有好处的,所以C项“打击初创企业投资者”错误;D项“削弱大型科技公司”不符合原文描述,也并非Paul Arnold所担心的小规模并购可能带来的影响。
34. 根据题干中的关键词“US Federal Trade Commission”可以定位到原文的第五段,第五段第一句介绍了“美国联邦贸易委员会希望找到这个问题的答案(The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question)”,根据前文可知,这个问题(that question)指的是小规模收购是否会损害美国经济,综上,美国联邦贸易委员会的目的是“检查小规模收购是否会损害美国经济”,故A项正确;根据第五段第二句话可知,美国联邦贸易委员会采取的行动是“向美国市值最高的5家科技公司询问了它们在过去10年进行的许多小型收购的相关信息(asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade)”,并未限制大型科技公司的扩张(limit Big Tech’ s expansion),监督初创企业的运营(supervise start-ups’ operations)或者鼓励科研合作(encourage research collaboration),故B,C,D选项错误。
35. 根据题干中的关键词“five biggest tech companies”以及“their small acquisition”,可以定位到原文第六段,其中对于这五家公司小规模收购的花费的描述为“与他们巨额的财政储备相比,这只是沧海一粟(a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves)”,A项“几乎没有带来财政压力”为其同义替换;B项“几乎没有带来管理上的挑战”以及C项“为未来的交易树立榜样”并未在原文中提及;原文中提到的钱的数额$3.4bn以及sub-$lbn均和收购有关,$130bn是风险投资(venture capital)的花费,并非公司所获得的利润,所以D项“产生可观利润”为强干扰选型,与原文表述不符,可以排除。
Text 4
We' re fairly good at judging people based on first impression, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneousbut intrusive. In one study of the ability she called"thin slicing," the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students' end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.
Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically.Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.
Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. “It' s as if you' re driving a stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can' t remember what you' re doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you' re fine. Much of our social life is like that.”
Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students' ratings of strawberry jams and college course aligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex-when they had a lot of information to process.
Intuition' s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rulecomprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition an creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition ( “gut feelings,""hunches,""my heart" ). Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.
36. Nalini Ambaby' s study deals with______.
A. instructor student interaction
B. the power of people' s memory
C. the reliability of first impressions
D. People' s ability to influence others
37. In Ambaby’s study, rating accuracy dropped when participants______.
A. gave the rating in limited time
B. focused on specific details
C. watched shorter video clips
D. discussed with one another
38. Judith Hall mentions driving to show that______.
A. memory can be selective
B. reflection can be distracting
C. social skills must be cultivated
D. deception is difficult to detect
39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to______.
A. follow your feelings
B. list your preferences
C. seek expert advice
D. collect enough data
40. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Generating mew products takes time.
B. Intuition may affect reflective tasks.
C. Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.
D. Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.
【正确答案】 36.C 37.B 38.B 39.A 40.B
【解析】
36. 本题的关键词是Nalini Ambaby' s study,定位于第一段第二句话,由题干可知考生需要在定位段内寻找研究的对象/目标。根据第一段第一句话,我们很擅长根据第一印象(first impression),从瞥一眼照片到五分钟互动的少量经验(thin slices of experience)来判断人,而深思熟虑(deliberation)不仅是无关紧要的(extraneous)而且是侵入性的(intrusive)。并且第一段第五句话表明,研究内容包括对实验参加者的评级(rating)进行准确性(accurate)因此C选项是正确选项。A选项属于对第一段第二句研究过程的曲解,研究要求学生(student)对讲师(instructor)的整体效率进行评价(rating),而非研究二者之间的互动。选项B和D均未提及。
37. 本题的关键词是Ambaby’s study,rating accuracy,drop,participants,定位到原文第二段第二句话,考生需要寻找评价准确性(rating accuracy)下降(drop)的背景。根据第二段第三句话,Ambaby怀疑是深思熟虑(deliberation)让他们专注于生动但具有误导性的线索(cues),可以通过线索(cues)之后的suchas举例来进一步理解线索,即特定的手势(certain gestures)等,因此B选项是正确选项,focus on在选项中原词复现,cues同义替换为specificcues。易错选项为A和C。A选项曲解了原文第二段第一句,另一组被要求“在给出评级前,花一分钟写下他们做出判断的理由”,与A选项中的“有限时间之内给出评级”不同。C选项曲解了第二段第四句,要求参与者观看15秒的短片(5-second clips),并未说明是否是更短的短片(shorter video clips)。选项D并未提及。
38. 由题干…mentions…to mention that 可知本题属于例证题。本题的关键词是Judith Hall,driving,定位到原文第三段第二句,就好像(asif)你在开手动档汽车一样。例证题在文章段落中出现例子时,往往需要在例子前一句找观点。由第三段第一句可知,研究表明,当我们依靠直觉(intuition)而不是思考(reflection)时,我们更善于从细微的细节中发现欺骗(deception)等事情。所以对于思考(reflection),原文观点处持否定态度,与B选项一致(思考会分散注意力),因此B是正确选项。D选项虽然具有欺骗(deception)原词复现,但是原文中认为我们能够更好地发现(detect)欺骗,而非D选项中的欺骗难以被发现,因此D选项属于正反混淆。C选项中的社交(social)一词属于对第三段最后一句的曲解,我们大部分的社交生活(social life)都是这样,并非是说社交技能(socialskill)必须被培养。A选项的内容原文未提及。
39. 本题的关键词是making complex decisions,advisable,定位到第四段的第三句。当人们被要求把注意力放在他们的感觉(feelings)而不是细节(details)上时,他们做出的购车决定在客观上更好(objectively better),也更能满足个人需求(more personally satisfying),但前提是(but only if)决定很复杂,即当他们有大量信息(information)需要处理(process)时,因此在做复杂决定时,A选项跟随你的感觉(feelings)会得到更好的结果,是作者在本段中所建议去做的。D是易错选项,考生容易过于关注定位句中but之后的“当他们有大量信息需要处理时”,曲解为D选项中的“收集足够多的数据(enough data)”,但是“当他们有大量信息需要处理时”属于对the decision was complex情况的解释说明,即,决策复杂的时候就是有大量信息需要处理的时候,并未说明当决策复杂的时候作者建议做什么,所以D是错误选项。B是易错选项,考生在读本段首句“思考太多也会损害我们形成偏好的能力”时,容易曲解为B选项“列出偏好”,但实际上首句是为了说明思考过多的坏处,由此引出下文人们在决策复杂的情况下应当关注感觉而非细节,B选项的做法恰恰就是原文所否定的关注细节。C选项的信息在本段中未提及。
40. 本题的关键词是last paragraph,定位到最后一段。本题需要从多句话中进行归纳总结,解题关键是注意原文中的逻辑关系。最后一段为总-分-总结构,首句为总括句,直觉(intuition)的特殊力量只有在特定的情况下才会被释放(unleash);第二句,第三句以及第四句举某个研究内容(In one study, …. Then … . Use of their gut …)为例,参与者完成了一系列任务(tasks),然后对自己使用直觉(intuition)的程度进行评级,正如预期的那样,使用直觉(usetheirgut)会损害(hurt)他们在前四项任务(tasks)中的表现,而在其余的任务中则会有所帮助(help)。进行具体说明;末句为总结句,有时候,心灵(the heart)比头脑(the head)更聪明。B选项“直觉可能会影响思考任务”(Intuition may affect reflective tasks.)中的intuition,task均在最后一段中反复出现,并且直觉与任务的关系为前者影响(affect)后者,正确概括了第三句中直觉有时候会损害(hurt),有时候会帮助(help)任务。其他选项均不符合原文语义。
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