2021考研初试12月26~27日进行，2021考研初试情况(点击查看》》2021考研初试真题及答案解析专题)，第一时间为考生提供考研真题答案及答案解析内容，同时新东方考研教师将为考生提供视频直播解析。直播入口|考研真题答案专区

　　Text 1

　　How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

　　Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

　　However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

　　The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

　　21. The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers’ fares ______.

　　A. will ease train operation’s burden.

　　B. has kept pace with inflation.

　　C. is a big surprise to commuters.

　　D. remains an unreasonable measure.

　　22. The stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for ______.

　　A. car drivers

　　B. rail travellers

　　C. local investors

　　D. ordinary taxpayers

　　23. It is indicated in 3 that train operators ______.

　　A. are offering compensations to commuters.

　　B. are trying to repair relations with the unions.

　　C. have failed to provide an adequate source.

　　D. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.

　　24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face ______.

　　A. the loss of investment.

　　B. the collapse of operations.

　　C. a reduction of revenue.

　　D. a change of ownership.

　　25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　A. Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?

　　B. Constant Complaining Doesn't Work

　　C. Can Nationalization Bring Hope?

　　D. Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable

　　【参考答案】DBCCD

　　【解析】

　　21. D. remains an unreasonable measure, 仍然是不合理的措施。

　　解析：根据题干this year's increase...fares定位到第一段最后一句，且为作者观点the author holds，转折后为重点but it is still well above the CPI measure of inflation，但仍远高于CPI衡量通胀的标准。所以正确答案为D仍然是不合理的措施。A选项将缓解铁路经营者的压力在第一段没有依据; B选项kept pace with inflation与通货膨胀一致与原文well above相反;C选项a big surprise for commuters对于通勤者是一个巨大的惊喜不在定位范围内，且没有依据。

　　22. B. rail travelers, 旅行者。

　　解析：根据题干stockbroker定位到why…a stockbroker，该句the argument goes表明上一句也是定位句，原文上句认为应该是使用者付钱the cost of investing in and running the rail networks should be borne by those who use it rather than general taxpayers, 投资和经营铁路网络的成本应该由使用者承担，根据这个观点，那么一个开车的人不应该为题干中的stockbroker自己的通勤费用付钱，即这里的stockbroker就是本身使用的人，放在本文，为铁路旅客。A选项car drivers与题干在同一句，不存在指代关系;C选项local investors当地投资者无中生有;D选项ordinary taxpayers普通纳税人，这个选项与原文意思相反。

　　23. C. failed to offer adequate service, 未能提供足够的服务。

　　解析：题干定位词train operator，结合原文的but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel但乘客们应该能够期望获得基本的他们现在支付了大量的旅行费用应得的服务水平。由此可以得知，目前旅客没有得到应该有的服务。A选项are offering compensations to commuters.正在对通勤者做出补偿，原文为should应该得到，而不是正在发生;B选项are trying to repair relations with the unions. 正在试图修复与工会的关系，原文提及罢工的责任在于工会，但是并未提及铁路经营者在修复关系，无中生有; D选项 have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes, 由于罢工遭受了巨大损失属于无中生有。

　　24. D选项a change of ownership所有权的变更

　　解析：根据题干unable to calm down passengers定位到全文最后一句“The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order”，该句意思如果短期内不能能够解决乘客合理的愤怒情绪，国有化的威胁就会卷土重来，对应D选项“所有权的转变”。

　　25. D. Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable，不断上涨的票价是不可持续的。

　　解析：原文开篇提到的就是费用增长问题：How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? 火车运营商怎么合理解释再一次提高铁路旅客票价?即作者想要讨论的就是火车票价上涨的问题，第二段指出政府默认了这种行为，但在第三段作者通过转折表达了自己的观点，票价上涨的同时铁路旅客还在经历频繁的罢工这是不可接受的。因此，本文的中心在于表达不断上涨的票价是无法接受的。A.选项Who Are to Blame for the Strikes? 罢工该怪谁?文中已经指出罢工的责任在于工会，它直是文章的一个细节，选项错误;B选项Constant Complaining Doesn't Work老是抱怨是行不通的属于无中生有;C选项Can Nationalization Bring Hope? 国有化能否带来希望?只是原文最后一句才提到的内容，以偏概全，范围过小。

　　Text 2

　　Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

　　In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

　　But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

　　That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

　　Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

　　Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase — in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

　　That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

　　Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

　　26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to _______.

　　A. facilitate health care reform.

　　B. help poor families get better off.

　　C. improve local education systems.

　　D. lower deforestation rates.

　　27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that _______.

　　A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.

　　B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.

　　C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.

　　D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.

　　28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out _______.

　　A. its acceptance level of CCTs.

　　B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.

　　C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.

　　D. the role of its forests in climate change.

　　29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that _______.

　　A. it will benefit other Asian countries.

　　B. it will reduce regional inequality.

　　C. it can protect the environment.

　　D. it can boost grain production.

　　30. What is the text centered on?

　　A. The effects of a program.

　　B. The debates over a program.

　　C. The process of a study.

　　D. The transferability of a study.

　　【参考答案】BDCCA

　　【解析】

　　26. B. help poor families get better off. 帮助贫困家庭变得富裕。

　　解析：根据题干的CCT programs aim to定位到原文Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. 这些社会援助项目被称为有条件现金转移(CCTs)，旨在减少不平等，打破贫困循环。根据break the cycle of poverty可知正确选项为B。A选项facilitate health care reform. 促进医疗保健改革和C. improve local education systems. 改善当地的教育系统两者皆为上一句的内容，并非定位句，选项错误;D. lower deforestation rates. 降低森林砍伐率在前两段并未提及。

　　27. D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation. 经济增长往往导致环境恶化。

　　解析：本题根据be cited to可知为例证题，根据题干an area in Mexico 定位到第四段的The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. 之前唯一一项分析因果关系的研究，基于墨西哥一个已经建立了CCTs的地区，支持了传统观点。根据例证题的特点，可知传统观点才是重点，根据上文，传统观点指的是economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. 经济增长可能与环境退化有关，而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困有关。因此，正确答案为D。A选项cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor. 养牛一直是穷人的主要谋生手段为例子本身的内容，因为后面的There在那个地方表明接下来的一句仍然是例子本身;B选项CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles. 有条件现金援助计划有助于保护传统生活方式无中生有;C选项antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers. 反贫困的努力需要当地农民的参与也属于例子本身，选项错误。

　　28. C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss. CCTs与森林损失的关系。

　　解析：根据题干Ferrarointends to和Indonesia定位到Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. F想要知道想看看印尼的扶贫项目是否影响了森林砍伐。即CCTs是否会影响森林损失，正确选项为C。A选项its acceptance level of CCTs. 印尼对于CCTs的接受度和B选项 its annual rate of poverty alleviation. 每年扶贫的速度都属于无中生有;D选项the role of its forests in climate change. 森林在气候变化中的作用属于研究过程，非目的，选项错误。

　　29. C. it can protect the environment. 这个项目可以保护环境。

　　解析：根据题干Ferraro和the CCT program in Indonesia定位到第六段，本段开头是实验的过程和方法，结论为With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says. 这项计划与森林砍伐减少有30%的相关性。即这个项目在印尼最有价值是因为它有助于减少森林砍伐，可以保护环境。A选项it will benefit other Asian countries. 它将使得其他亚洲国家受益与原文相反，原文提及Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. 是否这个研究结果能迁移到其他国家是不确定的;B. it will reduce regional inequality. 降低区域不平等属于无中生有;D. it can boost grain production. 增加谷物产量，原文With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests. 用钱来补充农业收益说明农业收入不变，说明D错误。

　　30. A. The effects of a program. 这个项目的影响。

　　解析：这道题是文章结构题。本文中心即为CCT programs, 在第一段末尾引入文章中心后，第二段介绍了该项目的目的和内容，之后文章一直讨论的就是这个program的影响到底是好是坏，尤其是在印尼，因此选A。B选项The debates over a program. 关于项目的辩论，本文并未强调其他人的观点;C选项The process of a study. 研究的过程和D选项The transferability of a study. 研究的可迁移性的重点都在研究而非项目，选项错误。

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