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It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 ,to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 ,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two- hour flight.
The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.
1. A. therefore B. however C. again D. moreover
2. A. Emphasize B. Identify C. Assess D. Explain
3. A. nearly B. curiously C. eagerly D. quickly
4. A. claim B. prove C. check D. recall
5. A. threatened B. ignored C. mocked D. blamed
6. A. punctuality B. hospitality C. competition D. innovation
7. A. Yet B. So C. Besides D. Still
8. A. hired B. trained C. rewarded D. grouped
9. A. only B. rather C. Once D. Also
10. A. comfort B. revenue C. efficiency D. security
11. A. friendly B. quiet C. cautious D. diligent
12. A. purpose B. problem C. prejudice D. policy
13. A. interesting B. revealed C. admitted D. noticed
14. A. break B. trip C. departure D. transfer
15. A. moral B. background C. style D. form
16. A. interpret B. criticize C. sacrifice D. tolerate
17. A. task B. secret C. product D. cost
18. A. leading to B. calling for C. relating to D. accounting for
19. A. specify B. predict C. restore D. create
20. 20. A. modify B. review C. present D. achieve
【参考答案】1-5:BADCB 6-10:ABCDB 11-15:CBDBA 16-20:CDCAD
1.【考点】逻辑关系
【解析】上句句意为:设置目标并不困难,本句句意为:理解负面结果要难的多。前后两句形成转折关系,选项B however(然而)符合条件。
2. 【考点】文章中心+动词辨析
【解析】通过后文可以看出,本篇文章论述的中心是设立目标时只考虑一方面因素而不顾其它会导致一些负面的结果,本句应符合这一中心,强调了一个因素而其它因素都被曲解了,选项A Emphasize(强调)符合条件。
3. 【考点】语意关系+副词辨析
【解析】本句乘坐公交车明显是在举例说明上文的观点,应该是很快就能被发现的事实。选项D quickly(很快)符合条件。
4. 【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】检查员与乘车的人付款之间的关系只能是查验,选项C check(检查)符合条件。
5. 【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】下段分析了本段出现这些现象的原因,提到了公交车司机工作的考查目标是准时,所以司机一定会赶时间,不会停车等人,也就是说这些人追车的人被无视了。选项B ignored(忽视)符合条件。
6. 【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】下句提到人们抱怨公交车总迟到,那么司机的目标就是不迟到,即准时,选项A punctuality(准时)符合条件。
7. 【考点】逻辑关系
【解析】人们抱怨公交车频次低和公交车数量增加之间是因果关系,选项B So(所以)符合条件。
8. 【考点】生活常识+动词辨析
【解析】司机的惩罚或者什么和他们花的时间有关,通过常识可以判断,工作中有奖也有罚,选项C rewarded(奖励)符合条件。
9. 【考点】语意关系
【解析】本句与前一句话在结构上并列,语意上转折,强调目标达成的同时也产生了负面的影响,他们达成目标了,但是也撞了自行车,选项D also(也)符合条件 。
10. 【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】本句是条件状从,主句提到了我们会有更敏感的定价,那么从句中可能的目标一定与钱有关,选项B revenue(收益)符合条件。
11. 【考点】语意关系+形容词辨析
【解析】本句同样是条件状从,从句提到了目标是安全,那么司机一定是小心谨慎的,选项C cautious(小心谨慎的)符合条件。
12. 【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】本段内容讲的还是人们为了达成目标所产生的负面结果,所以相对上段来说是另一个问题,选项B problem(问题)符合条件。
13. 【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】本句空后描述的是一个我们常见到的日常现象,提它是为了用一个常见的现象证明中心论点,只有注意到符合语境,选项D noticed(注意到)符合条件。
14. 【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】本句所在是一个省略了that的定语从句,先行词是time,空填入的是这个从句的主语,根据语意可得知句意为:这次飞行原本要花费的时间,选项B trip(旅程)符合条件。
15. 【考点】段落中心+名词辨析
【解析】根据后面句子内容可判断出,本段是在对前文的例子进行总结,概述要论证的中心,即目标设定不好会产生坏的结果,也就是所举例子故事的寓意是什么。选项A moral(寓意)符合条件。
16. 【考点】文章中心+动词辨析
【解析】本段与第一段相呼应,都在说设立目标时是只看重其中一个因素的后果,选择其中一个就意味着要放弃其它,选项C sacrifice(牺牲)符合条件。
17. 【考点】逻辑关系+名词辨析
【解析】but表示转折关系,前后语意相反,前面在说正面的影响,后面应为负向,负面后果即代价,选项D cost(代价)符合条件。
18. 【考点】逻辑关系
【解析】空前是标准,空后是因素,标准并不能解释或导致这些因素,只能与之相关,选项C relating to(与…有关)符合条件。
19. 【考点】文章中心+动词辨析
【解析】本句是文章结尾在给出解决方案,也是在围绕文章中心来说,即不能只关注目标的一两个维度,只有A specify(指定)符合条件。
20. 【考点】文章中心+动词辨析
【解析】本题与上题是同一个句子,在给出决方案,即设立目标就是在帮助人们解决如何更好的达成目标的问题,选项D achieve(获得)符合条件。
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