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We' re fairly good at judging people based on first impression, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneousbut intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed "thin slicing," the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students' end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.
Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically.Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.
Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception an sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. “It' s as if you' re driving a stick shift,” says , a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can' t remember what you' re doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you' re fine. Much of our social life is like that.”
Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students' ratings of strawberry jams and college course aligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. Zuo
A. In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rulecomprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition an creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then the rated the degree to which they had used intuition ( “gut feelings,""hunches," "my heart" ). Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.
36. Nalini Ambaby' s study deals with
A. instructor student interaction
B. the power of people' s memory
C. the reliability of first impressions
D.People' s ability to influence others
37. In Ambaby’s study, rating accuracy dropped when participants .
A.gave the rating in limited time
C.watched shorter video clips
B.focused on specific details
D. discussed with on another
38. Judith Hall mentions driving to mention that .
A.memory can be selective
B. reflection can be distracting
C. social skills must be cultivated
D. deception is difficult to detect
39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to .
A.follow your feelings
B. list your preferences
C. seek expert advice
D.collect enough data
40. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Generating mew products takes time.
B. Intuition may affect reflective tasks.
C. Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.
D. Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.
【正确答案】36.C37. B 38. B 39. A 40. B
一、文章题材结构分析
本文主要探讨了人的直觉在进行判断过程中所发挥的作用。文章的第一、二段介绍了Nalini Ambady为了解直觉在社交过程中所发挥的作用而设计出的一组对比实验;文章第三段给出了来自其他研究的观点,即直觉可以更好帮助我们鉴别欺骗,同时引用了Judith Hall的例子进行解释;第四段围绕“思考过多也会损害我们形成偏好的能力”这一观点进行论述;第五段对直觉能够发挥作用的特定前提进行了补充论述。
二、试题解析
36.【答案】C
【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据题干内容,可以定位到原文第一段;解答该题,需要先清楚第一段中Nalini Ambady的实验的目的为何,即为首段第一句话:“We' re fairly good at judging people based on first impression… and deliberation can be not only extraneousbut intrusive.” (译文:我们擅长从第一印象判断一个人,···深思熟虑不仅会是无关紧要,更可能会是先入为主的。) 在明晰第一段所简述的实验是为了证明何种观点之后,则会发现A、B、D选项所述内容与实验目的不相关,故排除。
37.【答案】B
【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据题干中的“Ambaby’s study”一词,可将原文答案段落大致确定在第二段内,而题干中的“rating accuracy dropped”则可将具体锁定在原文第二段的第三句话“deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues”(译文:深思熟虑使他们把注意力集中在生动但有误导性的线索上)。选项B中,用specific details替换了原文中的misleading cues;A选项中的 “limited time” 似乎和原文中的“a minute”表达较为接近,但原文说的是“用一分钟的时间写出原因”,而选项表达则张冠李戴,将概念偷换成“参加者在有限时间内评级”,故排除;C、D选项内容都原文中未提及的,故排除。
38.【答案】B
【考点】例证题
【解析】根据题干中的人名Judith Hall,可定位到原文第三段;第三段整体是一个总分逻辑的段落,段首句给出本段核心观点:直觉比反思更值得依赖,可以更好帮助我们鉴别欺骗。其后提到Judith Hall提及驾驶的目的是用具体例证更好解释主题句内容。A、C、D选项内容和该段落观点句的内容无关,因此可排除;只有B项内容最贴近段首的中心观点句,故本题答案选B。
39.【答案】A
【考点】细节推断题
【解析】本题对应文章的第四段,需要在读懂第四段中心观点后,结合题干问题“When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to”(当你做复杂的决定时,最好…)进行简单逻辑推理。原文第四段末尾较为清晰的表达出了段落的核心观点“…decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details...”当我们被要求关注自己的感受而不是细节时,往往能够作出更为令人满意的决定;由此可判断出本题答案选A。
40.【答案】B
【考点】段落主旨题
【解析】根据本段题干可知,定位到原文最后一段。该段也是一个明显的总分结构,开头第一句“Intuition' s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances”(直觉的特殊力量只有在某些情况下才会释放出来)便点出了段落的主旨内容,其后在分论点中,文章给出了直觉起作用和不起作用的几种情况。B选项与段落主旨最相符,是本题正确答案;C选项将原文中两种不同描述中的关键词移花接木拼接在一起,故排除;D选项内容与段落主旨相反,也可排除;A选项选取了原文中出现的表达“Generating new products”,但选项表述与段落内容不相关,故也排除。
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