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Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, ___1__,to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. __2_ one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you'll __3__ see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to __4___ that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are ___5__. How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why? Because the target is ___6___. People complained that buses were late and infrequent. __7__, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were __8__ or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they _9___ hit cyclists. If the target was changed to __10__,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more ___11___ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would beat the expense of time.
There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you __13__ that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a __14___ is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.
The __15__ of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well __16__ others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a __17____. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria __18__ critical factors such as time,money,quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to __19__ just one or even two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help people better __20___ the objective.
20. A. modify B. review C. present D. achieve
答案解析:
1. 选B。考查逻辑,前文说的是“并不困难”,后文说的是“更困难”,前后为转折关系,所以选择however。
2. 选A。根据句意,“()一个或另一个都会使失真”。选emphasize 强调。
3. 选D。根据句意,“乘坐伦敦公交旅行,你将()发现”选quickly很快。
4. 选C。根据句意,前文说的是inspectors,检查者,后文肯定描述检查者的动作就是“检查-check”,所以选check检查。
5. 选B。根据句意,前文说很少有人查票,那么就是他们被忽略/忽视了,所以选择ignore忽略。
6. 选A。根据句意。后文说人们会抱怨公交会迟到,那么他们希望公交能够“准时”,所以符合文意的为punctuality 准时。
7. 选B。考查逻辑词,前文和后文为因果逻辑关系,所以后文选择so所以。
8. 选C。根据文意,“司机()或惩罚都是根据他们是否遵行时间”,那么后文是惩罚,前文就是奖励reward。
9. 选D。考查逻辑,前文说的是hit these targets,后文也说的是hit cyclists,前后文结构一致,所以选择并列连接词also。
10. 选B。根据句意,“如果公交改变()”,应该是改变路线,那么要选择一个相关语义的词,所以选择revenue,大道。
11. 选C。根据句意,前文说“如果标准向更安全的方向改变,”后文则“那么司机会更()”应该是更“小心”,所以选择cautious,谨慎的。
12. 选B。全文都说的是target目标,而此段开头说的是another,那么和文章一致,所以选择跟“目标”相同含义的词,选择的是purpose目标。
13. 选D。根据句意“你难道没有()到飞机可以晚点,但是公交不行”,选notice注意到。
14. 选B。根据句意,前文说的是飞机,飞机所带的是行程,所以选择trip,行程,旅行。
15. 选A。全文都在说“准时”这一话题,这是我们的行文准则规范,所以要选相关的词,选择moral,道德规范。
16. 选C。根据文意,前文说有很多标准,后文说,“遵守了这一个,意味着要()另一个”,前后文反义,所以选择跟“不遵守”相同含义的词,选择的是sacrifice 牺牲。
17. 选D。根据文意,“所有事儿都可以又快并且便宜,这是需要()”,填一个相对消极的词,选择的是cost代价。
18. 选C。根据文意,“所有好的目标都应该有多种标准,而这些标准是和关键的因素()”,选relate to,相关的。
19. 选A。根据文意,前文举例了一些因素,都是作者具体提出的,所以后文相对应,也应该填specify具体化。
20. 选D。根据文意,“()目标”,全文都在说“达到目标”,所以本空填achieve达到。
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