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一、完形填空部分:
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 ,to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 .How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why? Because the target is 6 .People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 ,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.
The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.
|
1 |
[A]therefore |
[B]however |
[C]again |
[D]moreover |
|
2 |
[A]Emphasize |
[B]Identify |
[C]Assess |
[D]Explain |
|
3 |
[A]nearly |
[B]curiously |
[C]eagerly |
[D]quickly |
|
4 |
[A]claim |
[B]prove |
[C]check |
[D]recall |
|
5 |
[A]threatened |
[B]ignored |
[C]mocked |
[D]blamed |
|
6 |
[A]punctuality |
[B]hospitality |
[C]competition |
[D]innovation |
|
7 |
[A]Yet |
[B]So |
[C]Beside |
[D]Still |
|
8 |
[A]hired |
[B]trained |
[C]rewarded |
[D]grouped |
|
9 |
[A]only |
[B]rather |
[C]once |
[D]also |
|
10 |
[A]comfort |
[B]revenue |
[C]efficiency |
[D]security |
|
11 |
[A]friendly |
[B]quiet |
[C]cautious |
[D]diligent |
|
12 |
[A]purpose |
[B]problem |
[C]prejudice |
[D]policy |
|
13 |
[A]reported |
[B]revealed |
[C]admitted |
[D]noticed |
|
14 |
[A]break |
[B]trip |
[C]departure |
[D]transfer |
|
15 |
[A]moral |
[B]background |
[C]style |
[D]form |
|
16 |
[A]interpret |
[B]criticize |
[C]sacrifice |
[D]tolerate |
|
17 |
[A]task |
[B]secret |
[C]product |
[D]cost |
|
18 |
[A]leading to |
[B]calling for |
[C]relating to |
[D]accounting for |
|
19 |
[A]specify |
[B]predict |
[C]restore |
[D]create |
|
20 |
[A]modify |
[B]review |
[C]present |
[D]achieve |
【正确答案】1-5:B A D C B 6-10:A B C D B 11-15:C B D B A 16-20:C D C A D
1.【考点】逻辑关系+副词辨析
【解析】空格所在位置连接两个句子,体现句间关系,四个选项均为逻辑关系结构。由于本文第一句是not difficult ,而第二句much harder,可知两句之间是转折关系,符合转折关系的选项只有[B]however, (然而)。[A]therefore(因此),表因果关系,[C]again(再一次),[D]moreover(此外),表递进关系 ,均与原文逻辑不符。
2.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】四个选项均为动词,说明这句话是两个句子在进行并列。在本句话中,and后为(另一个将会变得扭曲),并且前一句话为(大多数与工作有关的行为有多种因素),说明不能只注意一个因素,根据语意关系可知强调一个因素,那么另一个因素就会变得扭曲,答案为[A]Emphasize(强调)。[B]Identify(确定、识别),[C] Assess(评估),[D]Explain(解释),均不符合语意。
3.【考点】语意关系+副词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项应为副词,是对动词see的修饰。本句话与上一段构成演绎推理的逻辑关系,是对第一段观点的举例。Travel on a London bus and you'll__ see how this works with drivers.(在伦敦的公交车上,你会 __看到司机是如何使用这种方法的)。说明在公交车上司机使用的方法一定能对上文的观点进行解释,选项要体现自然而然并且一定会发生。 所以,正确答案为[D]quickly(很快地)。[A]nearly(差不多),语意不够坚定,体现不出一定会发生。[B] curiously(好奇地),说明不是经常发生,语意错误。[C]eagerly(急切地),与原文语意不符。
4.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项应为动词。 Are there inspectors to __ that people have paid?(是否有检查员__人们已经支付)?根据语意,检查员inspectors的作用就是(检查),所以答案为[C]check (检查)。 [A]claim(宣称)或(索赔),[B]prove(证明),[D]recall(找回)或(回忆)均与原文语意不符。
5.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】空格处所填词性为done结构。本句是对上一句问句And people who run for the bus?的回答。本段话是总分结构,后面的问句+回答是并列形式,不仅形式一致,而且感情色彩相一致,前面的3个问答分别体现(司机不会认真检查)、(人们上车可能没有买票)以及(很少有检查员去检查人们是否买票)这种否定的感情色彩,说明该空也要填否定感情色彩,同时也要体现彼此不仔细观察。答案为[B]ignore(忽视),表示司机不会认真查票,人们也不会在意司机是谁。[A]threatened(受到威胁), [C]mocked(被嘲笑),[D]blamed(被谴责),均不符合语意。
6.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项应为名词。Why? Because the target is__.本句话是对上文提到的司机和乘客之间互不关注的解释,但是光看本句话无法得出答案,可以往后看一句, People complained that buses were late and infrequent.(人们抱怨公交车晚点而且车辆稀少),与时间和频次有关,那么空格处填的单词也应该与时间有关,答案为[A] punctuality(准时)。[B]hospitality(好客),如果目标是好客,司机应该格外关注乘客才可,[C]competition (竞争),以及[D]innovation(创新),均不符合语意。
7.【考点】逻辑关系+连词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为连词,体现句间关系。前一句提到People complained that buses were late and infrequent.(人们抱怨公交车晚点而且车辆稀少),在本句话中,__the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,(公交车和公交车路线就增加了)以及后半句and drivers were__or punished according to the time they took,(司机根据他们用的时间受到__或者惩罚)都是和前一句相对应的解决措施,有了问题,所以就有了解决方案,是因果关系,答案为[B]So(所以)。[A]Yet,位于句首,表示(转折),逻辑不符,[C]Beside(此外),逻辑不符,[D]Still(仍然),体现不出因果关系。
8.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为动词,是done的形式。and drivers were __ or punished according to the time they took,(司机根据他们用的时间受到__或者惩罚),本空格通过or与punished(惩罚)构成选择关系。常识可知,应该是用的时间多要受惩罚,而用的时间少应该受到奖赏。答案为[C]rewarded(奖赏),与punished(惩罚)构成相反的选择关系。[A]hired(雇佣),[B]trained(训练),[D]grouped(分组),均不能体现与punished的相反关系。
9. 【考点】语意关系+连词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为连词,And drivers hit these targets. But they __hit cyclists.两句话中都有hit,但是意思不一样。And drivers hit these targets,(司机们达成了目标),即,一直关注开公交车的时间,尽量是快的时间。But they __ hit cyclists,(但是他们撞了骑自行车的人)。两句话虽然中间有but,但是语意上是顺承关系,即,速度达成了,但是也撞了人。符合语意关系的选项只有[D]also,表示(也),体现顺承关系。[A]only作连词,表示(但是),[B]rather作连词,表示(而不是),[C]once作连词,表示(一旦),均不能体现顺承关系。
10.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为名词。If the target was changed to__, you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.(如果目标改__,你将有更多的检查员和更敏感的定价)。前文提到检查员是来检查是否买票的人,所以本句话都和价格有关,价格与收入有关,所以答案为[B]revenue(收益)。并且后一句的句式与本句一致,If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more__ drivers who obeyed traffic laws,也可以类比得出答案,第10个空格处的单词与safety相对应,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing与you would get more __drivers who obeyed traffic laws相对应,即,(你将有更多的检查员和更敏感的定价)与(司机会遵守交通法规)相对应,(遵守法规)意味着(安全),那么(检票和定价)意味着(收益)。[A]comfort(舒适),[C]efficiency(效率),[D]security(安全)与原文语意不符。
11.【考点】语意关系+形容词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为形容词。you would get more__drivers who obeyed traffic laws,who obeyed traffic laws是定语从句,是对前面的drivers的修饰,所以(遵守交通法规)的司机,应该为“谨慎的”司机,答案为[C]cautious(谨慎的)。[A]friendly(友好的),[B]quiet(安静的),[D]diligent(勤勉的),均不能由who obeyed traffic laws这个定语从句得出。
12.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为名词。There is another__: people became immensely inventive in hitting targets,根据本句话的another,可知上文中一定出现过__。 第三段讲的是“目标是准时”,是对问题的回答,而本段是与上文的并列,所以也是一种回答,并且冒号后面的解释说明提到(人们在实现目标方面变得非常有创造力),这是一件事情。[A]purpose(意图),[B]problem(问题),[C]prejudice(偏见),[D]policy(政策)中能体现是一个事情的只有[B]problem(问题)。[A]purpose(意图),与冒号后的解释说明不同,[C]prejudice(偏见),感情色彩错误,[D]policy(政策),本文与政策无关。
13.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为动词。Have you__ that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?(你曾经__你可以乘晚点一小时的飞机,但是仍然能准时到达了吗)?本句话的感情色彩为中性,能体现“观察或者注意”即可,所以答案为[D]noticed (注意到)。[A]reported(报道),主语错误,[B]revealed(揭示,揭露)宾语错误,[C]admitted(承认),语意不符。
14.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为名词。Airlines have simply changed the time a __ is meant to take.本句话是省略了that的定语从句。Airlines have simply changed the time that a __ is meant to take,(航空公司仅仅改变了__打算去花费的时间 )。在四个选项中能够花费时间的是旅行,答案为[B]trip(旅行)。[A]break(休息),[C]departure(离开),[D]transfer(转移)均不能与“花费时间去…”进行搭配。
15.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为名词。The __ of the story is simple.(故事的__是简单的),本句话起到承上启下的作用。上文中讲的是航班的故事,下文是对这句话的具体解释, Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria.(大多数的工作是多维的,有多重标准)。能够与本句话进行相对应的选项可以用排除法进行排除,[B]background(背景),[C]style(风格),[D]form(形式),均不能与Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria.(大多数的工作是多维的,有多重标准)这句话相对应。所以答案为[A]moral(寓意)。
16.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为动词。Choose one criterion and you may well__others(选择一个标准,你可能会__其他标准),本句话与文章第一段的最后一句是相同意思,是文章的中心,即,强调/选择一个标准会使另一个标准扭曲,所以本空格要填上负向感情色彩的词。但是[B] criticize(批评),主语是人,所以主语错误,故答案为[C] sacrifice(牺牲)。[A] interpret(解释), [D]tolerate(容忍)感情色彩错误。
17.【考点】语意关系+名词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为名词。Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a__.(一切都可以做得更快更便宜,但是有一个__),由本句中的转折词but可知,前后感情色彩是相反的,but之前faster and made cheaper是正向的词,所以本空选择负向感情色彩的词,与负向感情色彩相近的选项为[D]cost(成本)。[A]task(任务),[B]secret(秘密),[C]product(产品)感情色彩不符。
18.【考点】语意关系+分词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为现代分词短语,做后置定语。All good targets should have multiple criteria__ critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback(所有好的目标都应该有多个标准,这些标准__重要因素…)。“__重要因素…”是对“多个标准”的修饰。可按排除法做题,[A]leading to(导致),因素和标准之间并不是因果关系,[B]calling for(呼吁),主语错误, [C]relating to(与…有关),“与重要因素有关的多个标准”,符合语意和逻辑, [D]accounting for(解释),因素和标准中间不是解释与被解释的关系。所以,综上,答案为[C] relating to。
19.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为动词。The trick is not only to __ just one or even two dimensions of the objective(这个策略不是仅仅__只是一个甚至两个的目标的维度)。通过only, just, one ,two这些词能够看出作者认为是非常少的方面,说明是聚焦于一个或者两个点,能体现聚焦的选项是[A]specify(详细说明)。[B]predict(预测), [C]restore(恢复), [D]create(创造),均体现不了“聚焦”。
20.【考点】语意关系+动词辨析
【解析】空格处所填选项为动词。but also to understand how to help people better __ the objective.(而是也去理解如何帮助人们更好地__目标)。结合本片文章中心可知,当我们只强调一方面,而忽视另一方面时,往往会扭曲,说明我们不能仅聚焦于很小的点,而是理解如何帮助人们更好达成目标才可以,能体现“达成”的意思的为[D]achieve(实现)。[A]modify(修改),[B]review(回顾,评论),[C]present(呈现),与语意相差较远。
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