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As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.
32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was
A. a deep-root belief.
B. a misguided attitude.
C. a controversial view.
D. a thought-provoking idea.
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
【正确答案】ABDAA
【解析】
31. 本题的题干是Paragraph 1,the author’s posts on Twitter,大意为“根据第1段,作者在Twitter上发的帖子…”,说明题干问的是作者发推特带来的影响或结果,定位到第一段第2句I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir,大意为“自从我开始将这些照片发布到Twitter以来,它们引起了不小的轰动”,但是纵观四个选项,无法找出对应的正确答案,因此将答案继续定位到第3、4句,People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter,这两句描述了人们对于作者发布的这些照片给予的回应,对于答案信息进行了具体的解释说明,大意为“人们惊讶地发现,维多利亚时代的人笑得那么开心。人们指出,维多利亚时代似乎突然变得更加人性化,因为我们相隔的一百多年随着我们共同的欢笑经历逐渐消失”,说明人们对于维多利亚时代的固有看法是人们不爱笑,而作者发布的照片向人们揭示了维多利亚时代的人们也会像我们一样开怀大笑,由此可知作者发布在Twitter的照片改变了人们对于维多利亚时代的印象,因此正确答案为选项A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians,改变了人们对维多利亚时代的印象。
32. 本题的题干是What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected,大意为“作者如何看待他收集的维多利亚时期的肖像画”,说明题干问的是作者对于这些收藏品的看法,定位到第二段第1句Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900,大意为“当然,我必须承认,我收集的“微笑的维多利亚人”在1840年至1900年间创作的大量摄影肖像中只占很小的比例”,说明微笑的维多利亚人只是当时众多摄影肖像作品中的少数,因此正确答案为选项B. They are rare among photographs of that age,它们在那个年代的照片中很少见。
33. 本题的题干是What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s,大意为“是什么让维多利亚时代的人在19世纪90年代的照片中不笑呢”,说明题干问的是维多利亚时代的人在19世纪90年代的照片中不笑的原因,定位到第四段第2句Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile,大意为“到了19世纪90年代,人们相对容易捕捉到自发的微笑,所以我们必须从别处寻找一个解释,为什么维多利亚时代的人仍然对微笑犹豫不决”,而第五段第1句One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin,解释了不笑的原因,大意为“一种解释可能是,一个低俗的笑容会导致丧失尊严”,但是纵观四个选项,无法找出对应的正确答案,因此将答案继续定位到第五段第2、3句“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed),这两句进一步描写了相关的细节信息,大意为“大自然给了我们嘴唇来遮掩牙齿,维多利亚时代的一句流行语暗指这样一个事实:在合适的牙科诞生之前,口腔通常处于令人震惊的卫生状态。在维多利亚社会,即使在超级富豪的领地中,牙齿卫生也无法保证,一套闪亮的、健康的、干净的、洁白如珍珠的牙齿是罕见的”,说明当时维多利亚人在照片中不笑的原因是口腔卫生及牙齿卫生差,羞于在照相时露出牙齿,因而选择在照片中不笑,因此正确答案为选项D. Their unhealthy dental condition,他们不健康的牙齿状况。
34. 本题的题干是Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was,大意为“引用马克·吐温的话来说明人们反对在照片中微笑是…”,说明题干问的是以马克·吐温的话作为例子,来表明人们反对在照片中微笑的观点或总结,定位到第六段第2句Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”,该句描写了马克·吐温的相关信息,大意为“就连喜欢开怀大笑的马克吐温也说,当谈到拍摄肖像时,没有什么比愚蠢的微笑永远定格在照片上更可恶了”,说明其观点或总结应该在第1句,A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons,该句看着复杂,实则结构清晰,将括号内和冒号后的附加信息拿掉,主要的内容为A toothy grin lacked class,大意为“露齿而笑缺乏风度”,说明人们普遍对露齿而笑持有负面的看法,再结合例子的内容“就连喜欢开怀大笑的马克吐温也说,当谈到拍摄肖像时,没有什么比愚蠢的微笑永远定格在照片上更可恶了”,说明人们反对在照片中微笑是一种根深蒂固的思想,因此正确答案为选项A. a deep-root belief,一种根深蒂固的看法。
35. 本题的题干是Which of the following questions does the text answer,大意为“文章回答下列哪一个问题”,说明题干问的是全文主题,回看前四道题的题干和对应的答案句,可以发现多次重复的内容是维多利亚时期人们在肖像画或照片中很少微笑,因此正确答案为选项A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs,为什么大多数维多利亚人在照片上看起来很严肃。
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