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Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase — in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.
26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to
facilitate health care reform.
B. help poor families get better off.
C. improve local education systems.
D. lower deforestation rates.
27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.
B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.
C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.
D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.
28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out
A. its acceptance level of CCTs.
B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.
C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.
D. the role of its forests in climate change.
29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that
A. it will benefit other Asian countries.
B. it will reduce regional inequality.
C. it can protect the environment.
D. it can boost grain production.
30. What is the text centered on?
A. The effects of a program.
B. The debates over a program.
C. The process of a study.
D. The transferability of a study.
26. 本题的关键词是CCT programs aim to,定位至第二段第二句主干部分these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty,这些社会援助计划旨在减少不平等,打破贫困循环。选项B“帮助贫困家庭变富裕”与原文同义改写。选项A促进医疗改革;选项C改善当地教育体系;选项D降低森林砍伐率,均未在定位句出现对应信息。
27. 题干关键词为Mexico,属于例证题。题干信息可定位至第四段第三句The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view之前唯一一项分析因果关系的研究,基于墨西哥一个已经建立了CCTs的地区,支持了传统观点。需寻找对应的观点句。该例子主干信息为支持传统观点,该段第一句为传统观点,第二句转折对比,体现现在的观点。因此答案句为第四段第一句That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. 这是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化有关,而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困有关。选项D经济增长往往导致环境恶化,与原文同义改写。选项A养牛一直是穷人的主要谋生手段;选项B有条件现金援助计划有助于保护传统生活方式,选项C反贫困的努力需要当地农民的参与,均未在定位句出现对应信息。
28. 题干关键词为Indonesia及Ferraro intends to find out,可定位至第五段第二句Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. 费拉罗想看看印尼的扶贫项目是否影响了森林砍伐。选项C“CCT计划与印尼森林减少的关系”与原文同义改写。选项A印尼对CCT计划的接受水平,选项B印尼每年的扶贫速度,选项D印尼森林在气候变化中的作用,均未在定位句出现对应信息。
29. 题干关键词为most valuable及in that,需寻找该计划有价值的原因,且因为出现in that,答案部分可优先关注带有比较的信息。可定位至最后一段最后一句And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.不管转让性如何,研究表明,对人们有益的也可能是好的,因为仅仅因为二氧化碳排放而避免的砍伐森林的价值就超过了项目成本。选项C“它可以保护环境“提及环境保护,同义改写。选项A这将使其他亚洲国家受益,选项B它将减少地区不平等,选项D它可以促进粮食生产,均未在定位句出现对应信息。
30. 题干关键词text及centered on,属主旨结构题。文章主要为要CCT计划在减少贫困及保护环境方面的效果展开论述。因此选项A一个计划的效果适合作为正确答案。选项B关于一个计划的讨论,文章并未就该计划站台讨论;选项C研究的过程,文章并未介绍研究过程;选项D研究的可转移性,该选项信息为细节。
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