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Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraroanalyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase— in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.
26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to
A. facilitate health care reform.
B. help poor families get better off.
C.improve local education systems.
D. lower deforestation rates.
本题正确选项为B。本题为细节题,根据题干关键词CCT programs aim to定位到原文第二段第二句Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. 其中designedto和题干中aimto同义替换,所以答案定位其后,意为“减少不平等和打破贫穷循环”,与B选项“帮助贫穷家庭生活富裕”表述一致。A和C选项属于无中生有,D选项出现在第一段,但是说的是结果,并非本题问的目的,属于所答非所问。
27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.
B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.
C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.
D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.
本题正确选项为D。本题为例证题,根据题干关键词Mexico定位到原文第四句。根据例证题答题思路,直接定位例子前的观点句That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. 意为“经济增长和环境退化有关”,与D选项“经济增长会导致环境退化”表述一致。A选项cattlerearing文中体现,但是选项后半部分文中未提到。B选项traditionallifestyles文中出现traditional,但修饰的是view,属于信息错误。C选项无中生有。
28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out
A. its acceptance level of CCTs.
B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.
C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.
D. the role of its forests in climate change.
本题正确选项为C。本题为细节题,根据题干关键词Indonesia和Ferraro定位到原文第五段第二句Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.意为“Ferraro想知道印尼的扶贫项目是否影响森林砍伐。”,与选项C“CCT项目和森林减少的关系”表述一致。A和D选项无中生有,B选项poverty alleviation文中出现原词,但rate没有,信息错误。
29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that
A. it will benefit other Asian countries.
B. it will reduce regional inequality.
C. it can protect the environment.
D. it can boost grain production.
本题正确选项为C。本题为细节题,根据题干关键词most valuable定位到原文最后一段最后一句And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.意为“研究表明,对人们带来的好处同时也给避免森林砍伐带来好处,仅仅二氧化碳排放这方面,这个项目的意义就足够重大。”与选项C“它(CCT项目)可以保护环境”表述一致。A和B选项无中生有。D选项grainproduction文中对应growing rice,但文中未提及boost。
30. What is the text centered on?
A. The effects of a program.
B. The debates over a program.
C. The process of a study.
D. The transferability of a study.
本题正确选项为A。本题为主旨题,考查考生对全文大意的把握。通过全文内容可知作者在讨论CCT项目对扶贫和环境保护带来的影响,与选项A“一个项目的影响”表述一致。
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