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　　Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

　　In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

　　But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

　　That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

　　Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

　　Ferraroanalyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase— in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

　　That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

　　Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

　　26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

　　facilitate health care reform.

　　B. help poor families get better off.

　　C.improve local education systems.

　　D. lower deforestation rates.

　　27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that

　　A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.

　　B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.

　　C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.

　　D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.

　　28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out

　　A. its acceptance level of CCTs.

　　B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.

　　C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.

　　D. the role of its forests in climate change.

　　29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

　　A. it will benefit other Asian countries.

　　B.it will reduce regional inequality.

　　C. it can protect the environment.

　　D. it can boost grain production.

　　30. What is the text centered on?

　　A. The effects of a program.

　　B. The debates over a program.

　　C. The process of a study.

　　D. The transferability of a study.

　　【正确答案】21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A

　　【解析】

　　21.通过题干提示不难定位到文章第二段开头句“2007年，印度尼西亚开始逐步实施一项计划，在一定条件下向最贫困的居民提供资金，”对应选项B“帮助贫困家庭获得更好的生活”，而A选项“促进医疗改革”以及C选项“完善地方教育体系”，文中第二段只说到“要求人们让孩子继续上学或定期接受医疗保健”，并未提及改革以及完善体系;D选项“降低森林砍伐率”属于答非所问，并不符合题目所问CCT节目的宗旨，因此B为正确选项。

　　22.通过题干“The study based on an area in Mexico”定位在文章第四段，文章首句就提及“因为经济增长可能与环境退化相关，而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困相关。”，尽管第二句转折紧随其后，但例子本身使用“previous”一词证明“之前唯一分析因果关系的研究是基于墨西哥的一个地区。”，因此对应选项D“经济增长往往导致环境退化”，而A选项“养牛一直是穷人的主要谋生手段”、B选项“有条件现金资助项目有助于保护传统生活方式”、C选项“反贫困的努力需要当地农民的参与”均未提及。

　　23.题干问到“在有关印尼的研究中，费拉罗试图找出”，定位到文章第六段第二句话“他们将CCT项目对森林损失的影响与其他因素分开，如天气和宏观经济变化，这些因素也在影响森林损失。费拉罗说：‘我们看到，这个项目与森林砍伐减少30%有关。’”不难对应C选项“CCTs项目与森林损失的关系”，A选项“CCTs的接受水平”、B选项“其年扶贫率”并未提及;D选项“森林在气候变化中的作用”，原文在第六段第一句只提及“森林每年损失”，属于偷换概念，属于未提及信息。

　　24.通过题干“ the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable ”定位在文中最后一段最后一句“这项研究表明，对人类有益的事情也可能有益于避免森林砍伐的价值，仅仅是二氧化碳排放就超过了项目成本。”，不难看出答案对应C选项“它可以保护环境”，而A选项“它将使其他亚洲国家受益”对应最后一段第一句话，但是原文主干使用“Whether…is anybody’s guess”表示尚无定论，选项与原文相反，因此排除A;B选项“它将减少地区不平等”、C选项“它可以促进粮食生产”文中均未提及。

　　25.题目针对全篇主旨发问，从文章第一段提及“经济好转的一个原因可能是该国的反贫困计划。”，结合第二段描述改善具体措施，第三段话锋一转提及“有条件现金转移支付计划通常不考虑对环境的影响。”，但依旧围绕该项目效果进行讨论，并未在第四至第六段进行具体阐述，“有条件现金转移支付计划对于经济增长可能与环境退化相关的证明、对森林损失的影响”等，最后表明“无论能否这一研究成果能否在其他地方得到应用，但对人类有益的事情也可能有益于避免森林砍伐的价值，仅仅是二氧化碳排放就超过了项目成本。”全文均体现该项目的影响，因此对应A选项。而B选项“对一个节目的争论”、C选项“研究的过程”、D选项“研究的可转移性”均属于文中部分信息阐述，属于以偏概全的误导选项，均可排除。

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