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As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.
32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was
A. a deep-root belief.
B. a misguided attitude.
C. a controversial view.
D. a thought-provoking idea.
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D.How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
【正确答案】31. A32. B33. D34. A35. A
【解析】
31.本题的关键词是posts on Twitter. 定位到原文第一段中间I started posting them on Twitter. 后文提到现代人看到这类照片的时候,很惊讶地发现原来维多利亚时期的人们也笑。由此可知,作者发的推特改变了现代人们对于维多利亚时期人们的印象,所以选A。
32.本题的关键词是Victorian portraits和collected。定位到原文第二段开头I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture,后文还提到大部分维多利亚时期的照片都是不笑的,由此可知,作者的这些搜集的肖像画在那个时代的照片中是很罕见的。所以选B。
33.本题在问维多利亚时期的人们拍照的时候不笑的原因是啥。根据题干关键词1890s可以定位到第4段结尾句Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.但本句并未提及人们不笑的原因,所以继续往下看第5段。第五段整个都在围绕当时人们的牙口不好说事,所以选D。
34. 题干问马克吐温被提到是要表明在照片中不笑这个事是个啥问题。此题是例证题,所以主要看例子前面。首先根据马克吐温的定位句Even Mark Twain… said….中的Even可知后面的例子和前面的观点一致。前面提到良好出身的人不爱在拍照的时候笑,后面又提到甚至马克吐温这么一个喜欢哈哈大笑的人都觉得拍照的时候笑是一个很傻的事,由此可知,这种不赞成在照片中笑的观念根深蒂固,所以选A。
35.本题问这篇文章回答了下面哪个问题。这就需要我们去文中看看作者提到了哪个问题。结合前面的第3题可知,作者至少回答了一个问题,就是为什么维多利亚时期的人们拍照不爱笑,答案是牙口不好。所以A选项的为什么大多数维多利亚时期的人们在照片中都显得很严肃。这个问题就是文章回答了的一个问题,所以选A。
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