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Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraroanalyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase— in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.
26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to ____.
A. lower deforestation rates
B. facilitate health care problem
C. improve local education systems
D. help poor families get better off
27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that ____.
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor
B. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation
C. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles
D. anti-poverty efforts require the participation of local farmers
28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out ____.
A. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss
B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation
C. the role of its forests in climate change
D. its acceptance level of CCTs
29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that ____.
A. it can protect the environment
B. it can boost grain production
C. it will reduce regional inequality
D. it will benefit other Asian countries
30. What is the text centered on?
A. The process of a study
B. The transferability of a study
C. The effects of a program
D. The debates over a program
【正确答案】21. D 22. B 23. A 24. A 25. C
【解析】
26.正确答案为D。题目问的是“根据前两段,CCT项目旨在____。”CCT为专有名词,可定位至原文第二段第二句,指“conditional cash transfers”(有条件的现金转移),该句大意为“这些社会援助计划旨在减少不平等,打破贫困的恶性循环”,因而可对应D选项“帮助贫困家庭变得更加富裕”。首段提到印尼森林砍伐率连续下降的原因是该国的反贫困项目(antipoverty program),因此A选项“降低森林砍伐率”是反贫困项目的具体体现,而非目的;B选项“改善健康问题”及C选项“改良当地教育系统”在定位区域内均无体现。
27.正确答案为B。题目问的是“引用基于墨西哥某地区的研究是为了表明____。”本题是一道典型的例证题。例证逻辑的考查重点就是区分论点和论据。根据题干关键词“an area in Mexico”定位至原文第四段第三句,该句为例子所在处。结合前一句的观点可知,经济增长(economic, greater poverty)与环境(environment)的相关性并不能证明其因果关系。而基于墨西哥一个设立CCT项目的地区的研究是此前唯一一项分析因果关系的研究,并支持了传统观点(traditional view),及上文提到的相关性。因此可对应B选项“经济增长往往导致环境退化”。A选项“养牛(cattle rearing)一直是穷人的主要谋生手段”作为墨西哥例子的具体细节,非观点呈现;C选项意为“CCT项目帮助保护传统的生活方式”,原文未提到“traditional lifestyles”;D选项“反贫困工作需要当地农民的参与”属于无中生有。
28.正确答案为A。题目问的是“费拉罗关于印尼的研究旨在发现____。”原文第五段第二句提到费拉罗研究印尼的目的,“想看看印尼的扶贫项目是否会影响森林砍伐。”可直接对应A选项“CCT项目与森林减少的关系”。B选项“每年的扶贫速度”是针对原文第六段中“annual forest loss(每年的森林减少)”进行干扰;C选项“森林在气候变化中的作用”及D选项“CCT项目的接受程度”属无中生有。
29. 正确答案为A。题目问的是“费拉罗认为,印度尼西亚的CCT项目最有价值的原因是____。”本题考查因果逻辑。原文第六段记录了费加罗针对印尼研究的具体数据。第七段解释了印尼扶贫项目有助于减少森林采伐的原因。第八段结尾提到“抛开可转移性不谈,研究表明,有益于人类的东西也会有益于避免砍伐森林的价值(the value of the avoided deforestation)”,并提到了二氧化碳排放(carbon dioxide emissions),因此可对应A选项“能够保护环境”。B选项“促进谷物生产”为前两段的部分信息,不符合本题定位区域;C选项“减少区域不平等”属无中生有;D选项“对亚洲其他国家有益”为尾段前半部分信息,并非该项目最有价值的原因。
30.正确答案为C。本题为主旨题,需要总结文章中心。通过梳理文章信息可知,核心叙述对象为CCT项目,并围绕其对于脱贫、经济发展及环境保护的影响展开论述,因此可对应C选项“一个项目的影响”。A选项为“一项研究的过程”,原文提到了费拉罗的研究目的和结果,而并未对其过程进行详述;B选项“一项研究的可转移性”为尾段部分信息,无法总结全文;D选项“一个项目的争论”无法从原文推知。
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