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We' re fairly good at judging people based on first impression, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed "thin slicing," the late psychologist NaliniAmbady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students' end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory.Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.
Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically.Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression.She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.
Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception an sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. “It' s as if you' re driving a stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can' t remember what you' re doing.But if you go on automatic pilot, you' re fine. Much of our social life is like that.”
Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students' ratings of strawberry jams and college course aligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complexwhen they had a lot of information to process.
Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances.In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rule comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition an creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition ("gut feelings","hunches,""myheart" ).Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.
36. NaliniAmbaby' s study deals with
A. instructor student interaction
B. the power of people' s memory
C. the reliability of first impressions
D. People' s ability to influence others
解析:定位句为第一段最后一句。NaliniAmbaby研究学生在观看短片后对老师的看法与上过一学期课之后的学生对老师的看法是否一致,以此说明人的直觉是否与实际情况相符合,即其研究意在证明“the intuitive nature of the social processing”,也即研究第一印象的可靠性,选C。
37. In Ambaby’s study, rating accuracy dropped when participants
A. gave the rating in limited time
B. watched shorter video clips
C. focused on specific details
D. discussed with on another
解析:定位句为第二段第二句,但解题信息贯穿整个第二段。首先,当被试者“writing down reasons for their judgment”或者“judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners”时,他们判断的准确度下降;此外,Ambady的猜测---“deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues”也说明对特定细节的关注影响了被试者的判断,故本题答案是C。
38. Judith Hall mentions driving to mention that
A. memory can be selective
B. reflection can be distracting
C. social skills must be cultivated
D. deception is difficult to detect
解析:定位句为第三段第二句,但第一句也有解题信息。“we' re better at detecting deception ... when we rely on intuition instead of reflection”说明是用Judith Hall的话来例证直觉比思考更准确有效;另外,Judith Hall后面补充说“if you start thinking about it too much, you can' t remember what you' re doing.But if you go on automatic pilot, you' re fine”也表明前面提到driving是为了说明automatic比thinking更好,即思考可能会让你分心,依靠直觉有时比过多思考更有用,故本题答案为B。
39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to
A. follow your feelings
B. list your preferences
C. seek expert advice
D. collect enough data
解析:定位句为第四段最后一句,主要解题信息在段落主旨句--即第一句:“Thinking too much can also harm...”,说明作者认为想的太多没有好处,靠直觉来判断可能更好;后面分别以学生和买车者举例,说明在“the decision was complex”时,靠感觉、直觉比过多思考更好,所以应该“follow your feelings”,选A。
40. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Generating new products takes time.
B. Intuition may affect reflective tasks.
C. Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.
D. Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.
解析:定位句为最后一段第二句,解题信息为“Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks”,也即对于需要reflective thinking的四个tasks来说,运用直觉来判断会“hurt their performance”,即直觉可能影响“reflective tasks”,所以选B。
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