2021考研初试12月26~27日进行，2021考研初试情况(点击查看》》2021考研初试真题及答案解析专题)，第一时间为考生提供考研真题答案及答案解析内容，同时新东方考研教师将为考生提供视频直播解析。直播入口|考研真题答案专区

　　Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

　　In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

　　But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

　　That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

　　Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

　　Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase — in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

　　That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

　　Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

　　26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

　　A. facilitate health care reform.

　　B. help poor families get better off.

　　C. improve local education systems.

　　D. lower deforestation rates.

　　答案句：Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.

　　解析：根据定位词CCT programs定位至文章第二段第二句，these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty：这些社会援助计划旨在减少不平等和打破贫困循环。B选项帮助贫困家庭变得更好，为同义替换，故正确。A.提供医疗改革、C. 改善地方教育体系、D. 降低森林砍伐率，都属于无中生有。

　　27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that

　　A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.

　　B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.

　　C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.

　　D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.

　　答案句：That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.

　　解析：根据The study based on an area in Mexico定位至文章第四段第三句，但由于此题为例证题，我们需要在例子附近找到其所证明的观点，即第四段第一句：这是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化有关，而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困有关。后面The only previous study…based on an area in Mexico…supported the traditional view. 非常直接的指出了这项研究支持传统观点，即经济增长和环境恶化的关系。

　　28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out

　　A. its acceptance level of CCTs.

　　B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.

　　C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.

　　D. the role of its forests in climate change.

　　答案句：Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. …With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

　　解析：在研究印度尼西亚中，Ferraro想要得出什么结论?根据题干信息Indonesia和Ferraro定位到文章5、6段，Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation(Ferraro想看看印尼的扶贫项目是否影响了森林砍伐)以及we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation(我们看到减少30%的森林砍伐与此相关)。由此可知，Ferraro想要看到的是CCTs和forest loss的关系。

　　29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

　　A. it will benefit other Asian countries.

　　B. it will reduce regional inequality.

　　C. it can protect the environment.

　　D. it can boost grain production.

　　答案句：And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

　　解析：根据题干关键词Ferraro、the CCT program in Indonesia、most valuable 定位至最后一段，这个研究不光对人类有益，也有利于避免毁林，即保护环境，故C选项正确。A.对亚洲其他国家有利并没有提到，B.会降低区域不公平 D.会促进谷物生产，都不符合原文。

　　30. What is the text centered on?

　　A. The effects of a program.

　　B. The debates over a program.

　　C. The process of a study.

　　D. The transferability of a study.

　　答案句：首尾段+各段首句

　　解析：此题为文章主旨题，由于本文使用了大量篇幅来阐述该项目的好处、坏处以及目前的推广程度，所以A选项(项目的效果)正确。B. 关于一个项目的辩论、C. 研究的过程、D. 研究的可转移性均可排除。

　　更多2021考研真题答案及考研动态请持续关注新东方网。