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How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21. The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares
A. will ease train operation’s burden.
B. has kept pace with inflation.
C. is a big surprise to commuters.
D. remains an unreasonable measure..
22. The stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for
A. car drivers
B. rail travellers
C. local investors
D. ordinary taxpayers
23. It is indicated in 3 that train operators
A. are offering compensations to commuters.
B. are trying to repair relations with the unions.
C. have failed to provide an adequate service.
D. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.
24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face
A. the loss of investment.
B. the collapse of operations.
C. a reduction of revenue.
D. a change of ownership.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
B. Constant Complaining Doesn't Work
C. Can Nationalization Bring Hope?
D. Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable
【正确答案】21. D 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. D
【解析】
21.本题的关键词是author和 rail passengers fare,定位到第一段,本题要总结一段的内容才能得出答案。第一段阐述了列车运营商每年都会增长列车费的行为,但是并未提及A选项中减轻他们的负担,同时C选项中提到对通勤者来说这是一个很惊讶的事情,也矛盾了,通勤者已经知道了涨费的趋势了,B选项中的通胀虽然在段尾有提及,但并不是保持步调一致的关系,最后D选项表明涨费是不合理的措施,这就是第一段第一个问句的来由。因此选D。
22.本题的关键词是stockbroker和Paragraph 2, 定位到第二段的“the daily commute of a stockbroker”,已知通勤指的就是列车乘客,故选B。
23.本题的关键词是train operators和Paragraph 3,定位到第二句话,第二句后半句告诉我们乘客应该可以期待他们付费所对应的基本服务水平,也就是对应C选项train operators没有提供足够的服务。
24.本题的关键词是unable to calm down passengers这个条件,对应到全文最后一句“The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order”,表明如果没有能够解决乘客的合理的愤怒情绪,国有化就将是铁路部分所面临的结局,对应D选项“所有权的转变”。
25.本题为主旨题,文章开头提出了车费不断上涨的问题,文章中部是车费上涨的原因以及不良结果,全文最后讲了解决乘客愤怒情绪的迫切性,因此可以得出车费上涨并没有解决任何问题,是不可持续性的做法,因此选D。
Text 2
Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase — in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.
26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to
A. facilitate health care reform.
B. help poor families get better off.
C. improve local education systems.
D. lower deforestation rates.
27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.
B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.
C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.
D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.
28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out
A. its acceptance level of CCTs.
B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.
C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.
D. the role of its forests in climate change.
29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that
A. it will benefit other Asian countries.
B. it will reduce regional inequality.
C. it can protect the environment.
D. it can boost grain production.
30. What is the text centered on?
A. The effects of a program.
B. The debates over a program.
C. The process of a study.
D. The transferability of a study.
【正确答案】26. B 27. D 28. C 29. C 30. A
【解析】
26.本题的关键词是 CCT programs 和 aim to, 定位到第二段第二句话“Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty”。可得出其目的旨在于减少不平等现象以及打破贫困圈,对应B选项,ABD均不在定位句范围,很容易可以排除。
27.本题的关键词是study和Mexico,定位到第四段第三句“The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.”其中的“traditional view”传统观点对应的是前文中经济的发展与环境恶化有关,因此选择D选项。ABC均与传统的观点无关。
28.本题的关键词是Indonesia和Ferraro,定位到第五段第二句“Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.”Ferraro想要弄清印度尼西亚的扶贫项目是否影响了森林砍伐,对应C选项。
29.本题的关键词是Ferraro和most valuable,定位到最后一段第二句和第三句“Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access...the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation”。本句中的种水稻等内容就是CCTs的扶贫项目的内容,后半句说对人民好的可能对避免森林砍伐的价值也好,所以对应C选项。
30.本题为主旨题,本文一直在提及到的都是CCTs扶贫项目对森林砍伐的影响,故选A。
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