2004
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21. [A] acting [B] relying[C] centering [D] cementing
22. [A] before [B] unless[C] until [D] because
23. [A] interactions [B] assimilation[C] cooperation [D] consultation
24. [A] return [B] reply[C] reference [D] response
25. [A] or [B] but rather[C] but [D] or else
26. [A] considering [B] ignoring[C] highlighting [D] discarding
27. [A] on [B] in[C] for [D] with
28. [A] immune [B] resistant[C] sensitive [D] subject
29. [A] affect [B] reduce[C] chock [D] reflect
30. [A] point [B] lead[C] come [D] amount
31. [A] in general [B] on average[C] by contrast [D] at length
32. [A] case [B] short[C] turn [D] essence
33. [A] survived [B] noticed[C] undertaken [D] experienced
34. [A] contrarily [B] consequently[C] similarly [D] simultaneously
35. [A] than [B] that[C] which [D] as
36. [A] system [B] structure[C] concept [D] heritage
37. [A] assessable [B] identifiable[C] negligible [D] incredible
38. [A] expense [B] restriction[C] allocation [D] availability
39. [A] incidence [B] awareness[C] exposure [D] popularity
40. [A] provided [B] since[C] although [D] supposing