46. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of religious drama and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.
参考译文：在莎士比亚出生之际，欧洲正见证着宗教戏剧的消逝，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧激励之下的新戏剧形式的诞生。
句法方面：该句的主干结构为：Europe was witnessing the passing and the creation。by the date of his birth和under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy 作状语;of religious drama，of new forms以及of classical tragedy and comedy为of结构作定语，各自修饰前面的名词。
词汇方面：by + 时间，意为“在……之前，到……时候”;witness 意为“见证”;incentive意为“刺激，激励”。
翻译方面：注意under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy 作状语，应前置到and之前翻译;注意三个of结构作定语 ，应前置到所修饰的名词前面翻译。
47. no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
参考译文：那些去文法学校上学的男孩无人不知：戏剧是文学的一种形式，它赋予希腊和罗马荣耀，也可能会给英国带来荣耀。
句法方面：该句的主干结构为：no boy could be ignorant that…。who went to a grammar school 为定语从句修饰boy;could be ignorant后面可视为that引导的宾语从句;其中又包含了which引导的定语从句;定语从句的结构是and并列句。
词汇方面：ignorant意为“无知的”;专有名词Greece(希腊)，Rome(罗马)，England (英国)，部分考生可能不熟悉Greece.
翻译方面：注意no + ignorant 双重否定表肯定，可译为“无人不知，都知道”;who引导的定语从句较短，应前置到boy前面翻译;that引导的宾语从句逐词翻译即可;which引导的定语从句较长，考虑汉语多短句的特点，应后置翻译，可重复“戏剧”或用代词指代;此外，同样要注意of结构作后置定语应前置翻译。
48. But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.
参考译文：但是专业剧团在固定的剧院中繁荣发展，并且心怀文学抱负的大学生们迅速将眼光投向这些剧院，并将之视为一种营生手段。
句法方面：该句为and并列句，主干结构为：the professional companies prospered and university men were quick to turn to these theaters。in their permanent theaters作状语;with literary ambitions为介词短语作后置定语，修饰university men; as offering a means of livelihood为介词短语作后置定语，修饰theaters。
词汇方面： prosper意为“繁荣”;permanent意为“永久的，固定的”;ambition意为“抱负，雄心，野心”;livelihood意为“生计，营生”。
翻译方面：注意company在此结合语境译为“剧团”;with literary ambitions为介词短语作后置定语，前置到university men前面翻译，turn to…of livelihood可以拆成两句话翻译。
49. A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
参考译文：一种本土的文学戏剧艺术已经创造出来，随之，其与公众剧院的联系也得以建立，至少其中一些伟大传统已经开始传承。
句法方面：该句为and并列句，主干结构为：A native literary drama had been created and some of its great traditions had been begun。its alliance with the public playhouses established为独立主格结构，established为表被动的非谓语动词。
词汇方面：alliance意为“联盟”，establish意为“建立”。
翻译方面：注意独立主格结构可以译为一个句子;被动语态不翻“被”，可以译为“得以”，更符合中文表达习惯;had been begun 译为“已经开始传承”，用到增词法，使句子更通顺。
50. To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
参考译文：为了意识到戏剧活动多么伟大，我们必须进一步铭记：许多戏剧已经消亡了，可能也没有著名戏剧作家的完整作品保存下来。
句法方面：该句的主干结构为：we must remember that…。To realize how great was the dramatic activity作目的状语;remember后为that引导的宾语从句;宾语从句的结构为and并列句;其中还包含了whose引导的定语从句。
词汇方面：hosts of意为“许多，大量”;of note意为“著名的;值得注意的”。
翻译方面：注意目的状语译为“为了……”;that宾语从句逐词翻译即可;of note是介词短语作后置定语修饰author，译为“著名的戏剧作家”。
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